Abstract
Authors
A.B. Nemeth
Institutul de Calcul
Keywords
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Paper coordinates
A.B. Németh, About an imbedding conjecture for k-independent sets. Fund. Math. 67 1970 203–207.
About this paper
Journal
Fundamenta Mathematicae
Publisher Name
Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences
DOI
Print ISSN
0016-2736
Online ISSN
1730-6329
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About an imbedding conjecture for -independent sets
by
Following [1] we say that a subset of the -dimensional real Euclidean space is -independent ( ) if any distinct points of that subset are linearly independent. ( )
In what follows the homeomorphic image of the set : in will be said to be an open -cell; the homeomorphic image of the set will be said to be an -sphere.
K. Borsuk [1] has proved the following imbedding theorem concerning -independent sets:
K. Borsuk [1] has proved the following imbedding theorem concerning
If is a compact -independent set in and if is an open subset in containing distinct points, then is homeomorphic with a subset of .
In [6], p. 503 and in [4], another notion of -independence is applied, which is useful in applications in the approximation theory and which will be called in the sequel -vectorial-independence.
The subset of will be said to be -vectorial-independent if for any of its distinct points the vectors , where is the origin in , are linearly independent.
Observation 1. A -vectorial-independent subset in is -independent in the sense of [1].
Indeed, if are distinct points in , then they cannot be contained in any -dimensional hyperplane , because such a hyperplane generates a -dimensional subspace (i.e. a -dimensional hyperplane passing through the origin), and if were in , the vectors would be linearly dependent, being in .
Observation 2. If is a -independent subset in , then it may be considered a -vectorial-independent subset in if we consider as a hyperplane in not passing through the origin.
Indeed, consider distinct points in in . The vectors in are linearly independent. If they were linearly dependent, there would exist a subspace in containing them, which would intersect in a -dimensional hyperplane containing the points , which is a contradiction.
It was conjectured by A. M. Gleason (see [8]) that the -independent compact subset in is homeomorphic with a subset of , the -sphere. Investigations about this imbedding conjecture were announced by C. T. Yang in [8], but we have not been able to obtain any information about his results.
In Theorem 2 of [4] it was proved that if is a compact -vectorialindependent set in is open in and contains distinct points, then is homeomorphic with a subset of , which is an analogue of the imbedding theorem of . Borsuk for -vectorial-independent sets. By a similar reformulation of the conjecture of A. M. Gleason, we obtain:
If is a -vectorial-independent compact subset of , then it is homeomorphic with a subset of .
Making use of our Observation 2 above, we can see that this conjecture implies the conjecture of Gleason. Our conjecture for is the well-known theorem of J. Mairhuber [3] in the approximation theory. For it is obviously true, and for an imbedding of into a proper subset of may be realised by the radial projection with respect to the origin of into the geometrical sphere with its centre at the origin.
Let be a compact -independent set in containing an -cell. Then, as has been proved by S. S. Ryškov [5], the following inequality is valid:
Suppose now that the compact -vectorial-independent subset in is of dimension . Then there exists a closed subset of of the same dimension and an -hyperplane which has the property of separating strictly the origin and the subset . Denote by the radial projection with respect to 0 of into . Obviously, is a -vectorial-independent homeomorphic image of , and therefore
In [5], Ryškov defines the so-called -regular sets as being in fact -independent in the sense of [1], and has announced his inequality for these sets. But all the reasonings in the text are valid for -l-independent sets. In Uspehi Mat. Nauk 15 (6) (1960), pp. 125-132, the definition of the -regular sets is changed in this sense. Our inequality follows from the inequality of Ryskov applied to -independent sets.
from Observation 1 it follows that is a -independent subset of . Applying the inequality of S. S. Ryškov we conclude that
from Observation 1 it follows that
The present note aims at giving a proof of our conjecture in the particular case where the -vectorial-independent set in contains an -cell. More precisely, we shall prove the following.
THEOREM. Let be a compact subset of , which is -vectorialindependent and contains an -cell. Then is homeomorphic with a subset of .
The inequality (*) restricts in this case to or . As we have observed above, in the case of the proof is simple, and in the case of it is known. Therefore only the case will be considered, and to justify our theorem in this case, we observe that each geometrical sphere in a hyperplane in not passing through the origin is a 3 -vectorial-independent set in containing -cells.
In the proof given here we apply a method utilised by I. J. Schoenberg and C. T. Yang in [7] for proving the theorem of J. Mairhuber. An important moment in the proof is the employing of the following theorem of M. Brown [2]:
If is a homeomorphic imbedding of into , then the closure of either complementary domain of in is a closed -cell. (Here .)
We begin with a lemma:
Lemma. Let be a compact Hausdorff space having the following properties:
(i) contains an open -cell as an open subset;
(ii) if is a non-empty open subset of , then may be imbedded in a proper subset of .
Lemma. Let
(i)
(ii) if
Then is homeomorphic with a subset of .
Proof. If is not connected, the proof is immediate.
Suppose that is connected. Let be an annulus, that is to say the homeomorphic image of the set , which is contained in the -cell . Since is open in separates and so does , the image in of , i.e. , where , and respectively are non-empty open disjoint subsets of . Suppose that and introduce the notations: . The sets and are both 'connected and are not separated by . Denote by and by the homeomorphisms of and, respectively, of in , which exist according to (ii). Since the above sets both contain , from the theorem of M . Brown [2]
it follows that the complementary domains of and in are open -cells. Thus we may suppose that and are homeomorphisms which both transform in the equator of and by which is mapped into the north hemisphere and into the south hemisphere of (suppose that is a geometrical sphere). Consider the following homeomorphism of onto itself: . Let be an extension of the homeomorphism to a homeomorphism of the whole north hemisphere onto itself. Then will be a homeomorphism of into the north hemisphere carrying onto . Consider the mapping
Proof. If
Suppose that
it follows that the complementary domains of
and
are open in the relative topology of and , respectively. Let and be open sets in such that . Then the sets and are open in and
But , which completes the proof of the continuity of . From the compactness of it follows that is a homeomorphic imbedding of into .
Proof of the theorem. If in the theorem contains an -cell (remember that only the case is considered), then it contains an open - cell as an open set. Indeed, suppose that is an open -cell in such that . According to Theorem 2 in [4], is open in any closed proper subset in in which it is contained. Then is open in according to the normality of this space. From Theorem 2 in [4] it also follows that may be topologically imbedded into a proper subset of for any non-empty, open subset in . It follows that all the conditions of the lemma are satisfied and therefore is homeomorphic with a subset of .
References
[1] K. Borsuk, On the -independent sets of the Euclidean space and of the Hilbert space, Bull. Acad. Sci. Pol. 5 (1957), pp. 351-356.
[2] M. Brown, A proof of the generalised Schoenflies theorem, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 66 (1960), pp. 74-76.
[3] J. C. Mairhuber, On Haar's theorem concerning Chebyshev approximation problems having unique solutions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (1956), pp. 609-615.
[4] A. B. Németh, Homeomorphe projections of -independent sets and Chebyshev subspaces of finite dimensional Chebyshev spaces, Mathematica 9 (1967), pp. 325-333.
[5] S. S. Ryškov (С. С. Рышков), О к-регулярных вложениях, Докл. Акад. Наук. СССР 127 (1959), pp. 272-273.
[6] Yu. A. Šaškin (Ю. А. Шашкин), Систем Коровкина в пространствах непрерывных функций, Изв. Акад. Наук. СССР 26 (1962), рр. 495-512.
[7] I. J. Schoenberg and C. T. Yang, On the unicity of solutions of problems of best approximation, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. 54, pp. 1-12.
[8] C. T. Yang, On non-orientable closed surfaces in Euclidean spaces, Canad, J. Math. 14 (1962), pp. 660-668.
[2] M. Brown, A proof of the generalised Schoenflies theorem, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 66 (1960), pp. 74-76.
[3] J. C. Mairhuber, On Haar's theorem concerning Chebyshev approximation problems having unique solutions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (1956), pp. 609-615.
[4] A. B. Németh, Homeomorphe projections of
[5] S. S. Ryškov (С. С. Рышков), О к-регулярных вложениях, Докл. Акад. Наук. СССР 127 (1959), pp. 272-273.
[6] Yu. A. Šaškin (Ю. А. Шашкин), Систем Коровкина в пространствах непрерывных функций, Изв. Акад. Наук. СССР 26 (1962), рр. 495-512.
[7] I. J. Schoenberg and C. T. Yang, On the unicity of solutions of problems of best approximation, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. 54, pp. 1-12.
[8] C. T. Yang, On non-orientable closed surfaces in Euclidean spaces, Canad, J. Math. 14 (1962), pp. 660-668.
THE COMPUTING INSTITUTE OF THE ACADEMY OF ROUMANIA Cluj
Reçu par la Rédaction le 5. 5. 1968
- (
) For the sake of simplicity, the affine space and the vectorial Euclidean space of dimension are denoted by the same symbol .
