Sur un théorème de Laguerre

Abstrait

Traduction en anglais du titre

On a theorem of Laguerre

Auteur(s)

Mots-clés

PDF

Pour citer ce travail

T. Popoviciu, Sur un théorème de Laguerre, Buletinul Soc. de Ştiinţe din Cluj, 8 (1934), pp. 1-4 (in French).

Sur ce travail

Journal

Buletinul Soc. de Ştiinţe din Cluj

Publié par
DOI

Non disponible.

Print ISSN

Non disponible.

Online ISSN

Non disponible.

[JFM 60.1042.05]
https://zbmath.org/?q=an:60.1042.05

HTML

1935 k -Popoviciu- Mathematica - Sur un theoreme de Laguerre html,body { width: 100%; height: 100%; } *, *::before,*::after { box-sizing: border-box; } body { margin: 0; color: #1E2029; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; } hr { box-sizing: content-box; height: 0; overflow: visible; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85); font-weight: 500; } p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; } ol, ul, dl { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; } ol ol, ul ul, ol ul, ul ol { margin-bottom: 0; } dt { font-weight: 500; } dd { margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0; } blockquote { margin: 0 0 1em; } dfn { font-style: italic; } b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } small { font-size: 80%; } sub, sup { position: relative; font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } a { color: #0B93ff; text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent; outline: none; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.3s; } a:hover { color: #33aaff; } a:active { color: #0070d9; } a:active, a:hover { text-decoration: none; outline: 0; } a[disabled] { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); cursor: not-allowed; pointer-events: none; } pre, code, kbd, samp { font-size: 1em; } pre { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow: auto; } figure { margin: 0 0 1em; } img { vertical-align: middle; border-style: none; } svg:not(:root) { overflow: hidden; } table { border-collapse: collapse; } caption { padding-top: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); text-align: left; caption-side: bottom; } th { text-align: inherit; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"] { direction: ltr; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg { overflow: visible; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg a { fill: blue; stroke: blue; } mjx-assistive-mml { position: absolute !important; top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); padding: 1px 0px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; display: block !important; width: auto !important; overflow: hidden !important; -webkit-touch-callout: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -khtml-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } mjx-assistive-mml[display="block"] { width: 100% !important; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"][display="true"] { display: block; text-align: center; margin: 1em 0; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"][display="true"][width="full"] { display: flex; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"][justify="left"] { text-align: left; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"][justify="right"] { text-align: right; } g[data-mml-node="merror"] > g { fill: red; stroke: red; } g[data-mml-node="merror"] > rect[data-background] { fill: yellow; stroke: none; } g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > line[data-line], svg[data-table] > g > line[data-line] { stroke-width: 70px; fill: none; } g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > rect[data-frame], svg[data-table] > g > rect[data-frame] { stroke-width: 70px; fill: none; } g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > .mjx-dashed, svg[data-table] > g > .mjx-dashed { stroke-dasharray: 140; } g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > .mjx-dotted, svg[data-table] > g > .mjx-dotted { stroke-linecap: round; stroke-dasharray: 0,140; } g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > g > svg { overflow: visible; } [jax="SVG"] mjx-tool { display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0; height: 0; } [jax="SVG"] mjx-tool > mjx-tip { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } mjx-tool > mjx-tip { display: inline-block; padding: .2em; border: 1px solid #888; font-size: 70%; background-color: #F8F8F8; color: black; box-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA; } g[data-mml-node="maction"][data-toggle] { cursor: pointer; } mjx-status { display: block; position: fixed; left: 1em; bottom: 1em; min-width: 25%; padding: .2em .4em; border: 1px solid #888; font-size: 90%; background-color: #F8F8F8; color: black; } foreignObject[data-mjx-xml] { font-family: initial; line-height: normal; overflow: visible; } mjx-container[jax="SVG"] path[data-c], mjx-container[jax="SVG"] use[data-c] { stroke-width: 3; } #setText > div { justify-content: inherit; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; } #setText div:last-child { margin-bottom: 0 !important; } #setText > br, #preview-content br { line-height: 1.2; } #preview-content > div { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; } .proof > div, .theorem > div { margin-top: 1rem; } #preview-content table { margin-bottom: 1em; } #setText table { margin-bottom: 1em; } #preview-content .sub-table table, #setText .sub-table table { margin-bottom: 0; } mjx-container { text-indent: 0; overflow-y: hidden; overflow-x: auto; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; } .math-inline mjx-container { display: inline-block !important; page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; padding: 0; line-height: 0; } .math-inline[data-overflow="visible"] mjx-container { overflow: visible; } .math-inline mjx-container mjx-assistive-mml { max-width: 100%; } .math-block { align-items: center; page-break-after: auto; page-break-inside: avoid; margin: 0; display: block; /* mjx-container has block */ } .math-inline { display: inline-flex; /* mjx-container has inline-block. To prevent displacement during use overflow-x: auto;*/ max-width: 100%; } .math-block[data-width="full"] { overflow-x: auto; display: flex; /* mjx-container has flex */ } svg .math-inline { display: initial; max-width: initial; } svg .math-inline mjx-container { max-width: initial; } svg mjx-container { overflow: visible; padding: 0; } svg math-block[data-width="full"] { overflow: visible; } .math-block,.math-inline { --mmd-highlight-color: rgba(0, 147, 255, 0.25); --mmd-highlight-text-color: #1e2029; } .math-block[data-highlight-color] mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg { background-color: var(--mmd-highlight-color); } .math-block[data-highlight-text-color] mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg { color: var(--mmd-highlight-text-color); } .math-inline[data-highlight-color] mjx-container[jax="SVG"] { background-color: var(--mmd-highlight-color); } .math-inline[data-highlight-text-color] mjx-container[jax="SVG"] { color: var(--mmd-highlight-text-color); } .math-block p { flex-shrink: 1; } .math-block mjx-container { margin: 0 !important; } .math-error { background-color: yellow; color: red; } #preview-content img, #setText img { max-width: 100%; } #preview-content blockquote, #setText blockquote { page-break-inside: avoid; color: #666; margin: 0 0 1em 0; padding-left: 3em; border-left: .5em solid #eee; } #preview-content pre, #setText pre { border: none; padding: 0; overflow: auto; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.45; border-radius: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; background: #f8f8fa; } #preview-content pre code, #setText pre code{ padding: 1rem; display: block; overflow-x: auto; line-height: 24px; } .empty { text-align: center; font-size: 18px; padding: 50px 0 !important; } #setText table, #preview-content table { display: table; overflow: auto; max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; page-break-inside: avoid; } #setText table th, #preview-content table th { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; } #setText table td, #preview-content table td, #setText table th, #preview-content table th { border: 1px solid #dfe2e5; padding: 6px 13px; } #setText table tr, #preview-content table tr { background-color: #fff; border-top: 1px solid #c6cbd1; } #setText table tr:nth-child(2n), #preview-content table tr:nth-child(2n) { background-color: #f6f8fa; } #preview-content .main-title, #setText .main-title { text-align: center; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; } #preview-content .author, #setText .author { text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; display: flex; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; } #preview-content .author p, #setText .author p { min-width: 30%; max-width: 50%; padding: 0 7px; } #preview-content .author > p > span, #setText .author > p > span { display: block; text-align: center; } #preview-content .section-title, #setText .section-title { margin-top: 1.5em; } #preview-content .abstract, #setText .abstract { text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 1em; } #preview-content .abstract p, #setText .abstract p { margin-bottom: 0; } @media print { #preview { font-size: 10pt!important; } svg { shape-rendering: crispEdges; } .math-block svg, math-inline svg { margin-top: 1px; } #preview-content img, #setText img { display: block; } #preview-content .figure_img img, #setText .figure_img img { display: inline; } .preview-right { word-break: break-word; } #preview-content h1, #setText h1 { page-break-inside: avoid; position: relative; border: 2px solid transparent; } #preview-content h1::after, #setText h1::after { content: ""; display: block; height: 100px; margin-bottom: -100px; position: relative; } #preview-content h2, #setText h2 { page-break-inside: avoid; position: relative; border: 2px solid transparent; } #preview-content h2::after, #setText h2::after { content: ""; display: block; height: 100px; margin-bottom: -100px; position: relative; } #preview-content h3, #setText h3 { page-break-inside: avoid; position: relative; border: 2px solid transparent; } #preview-content h3::after, #setText h3::after { content: ""; display: block; height: 100px; margin-bottom: -100px; position: relative; } #preview-content h4, #setText h4 { page-break-inside: avoid; position: relative; border: 2px solid transparent; } #preview-content h4::after, #setText h4::after { content: ""; display: block; height: 100px; margin-bottom: -100px; position: relative; } #preview-content h5, #setText h5 { page-break-inside: avoid; position: relative; border: 2px solid transparent; } #preview-content h5::after, #setText h5::after { content: ""; display: block; height: 100px; margin-bottom: -100px; position: relative; } #preview-content h6, #setText h6 { page-break-inside: avoid; position: relative; border: 2px solid transparent; } #preview-content h6::after, #setText h6::after { content: ""; display: block; height: 100px; margin-bottom: -100px; position: relative; } } #preview-content sup, #setText sup { top: -.5em; position: relative; font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; } #preview-content .text-url, #setText .text-url { color: #0B93ff; cursor: text; pointer-events: none; } #preview-content .text-url a:hover, #setText .text-url a:hover { color: #0B93ff; } mark { background-color: #feffe6; } span[data-underline-type] mark { background: inherit; background-color: #feffe6; padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } *[data-has-dotfill] { position: relative; overflow: hidden; } *[data-has-dotfill] .dotfill::after { position: absolute; padding-left: .25ch; content: " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "; text-align: right; } .smiles { text-align: center; } div.svg-container, #setText > div.svg-container { display: flex; justify-content: center; } #preview-content code, #setText code { font-family: Inconsolata; font-size: inherit; display: initial; background: #f8f8fa; } #preview-content .mmd-highlight code, #setText .mmd-highlight code, #preview-content pre.mmd-highlight code, #setText pre.mmd-highlight code { background-color: transparent; } #preview-content pre code, #setText pre code { font-family: 'DM Mono', Inconsolata, monospace; color: #333; font-size: 15px; } .hljs-comment, .hljs-quote { color: #998; font-style: italic; } .hljs-command { color: #005cc5; } .hljs-keyword, .hljs-selector-tag, .hljs-subst { color: #d73a49; font-weight: bold; } .hljs-number, .hljs-literal, .hljs-variable, .hljs-template-variable, .hljs-tag .hljs-attr { color: #005cc5; } .hljs-string, .hljs-doctag { color: #24292e; } .hljs-title, .hljs-section, .hljs-selector-id { color: #6f42c1; font-weight: bold; } .hljs-subst { font-weight: normal; } .hljs-type, .hljs-class .hljs-title { color: #458; font-weight: bold; } .hljs-tag, .hljs-name, .hljs-attribute { color: #000080; font-weight: normal; } .hljs-regexp, .hljs-link { color: #009926; } .hljs-symbol, .hljs-bullet { color: #990073; } .hljs-built_in, .hljs-builtin-name { color: #24292e; } .hljs-meta { color: #999; font-weight: bold; } .hljs-meta-keyword { color: #d73a49; } .hljs-meta-string { color: #032f62; } .hljs-deletion { background: #fdd; } .hljs-addition { background: #dfd; } .hljs-emphasis { font-style: italic; } .hljs-strong { font-weight: bold; } .table_tabular table th, .table_tabular table th { border: none !important; padding: 6px 13px; } .tabular tr, .tabular tr { border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; } .tabular td, .tabular td { border-style: none !important; background-color: #fff; border-color: #000 !important; word-break: keep-all; padding: 0.1em 0.5em !important; } .tabular { display: inline-table !important; height: fit-content; } .tabular td > p { margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .tabular td._empty { height: 1.3em; } .tabular td .f { opacity: 0; } html[data-theme="dark"] .tabular tr, html[data-theme="dark"] .tabular td { background-color: #202226; border-color: #fff !important; } .table_tabular { overflow-x: auto; padding: 0 2px 0.5em 2px; } .figure_img { margin-bottom: 0.5em; overflow-x: auto; } ol.enumerate, ul.itemize { padding-inline-start: 40px; } /* It's commented because counter not supporting to change value ol.enumerate.lower-alpha { counter-reset: item ; list-style-type: none !important; } .enumerate.lower-alpha > li { position: relative; } .enumerate.lower-alpha > li:before { content: "("counter(item, lower-alpha)")"; counter-increment: item; position: absolute; left: -47px; width: 47px; display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; padding-right: 7px; flex-wrap: nowrap; word-break: keep-all; } */ .itemize > li { position: relative; } .itemize > li > span.li_level, .li_enumerate.not_number > span.li_level { position: absolute; right: 100%; white-space: nowrap; width: max-content;; display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; padding-right: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; } .li_enumerate.not_number { position: relative; display: inline-block; list-style-type: none; } #preview { font-family: 'CMU Serif', 'Georgia', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; visibility: visible; word-break: break-word; padding: 2.5em; max-width: 800px; margin: auto; box-sizing: content-box; } #preview h1, #preview h2, #preview h3, #preview h4, #preview h5, #preview strong { font-family: 'CMU Serif Bold', 'Georgia', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } #preview i, #preview em { font-family: 'CMU Serif Italic', 'Georgia', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .mmd-menu { max-width: 320px; position: absolute; background-color: white; color: black; width: auto; padding: 5px 0px; border: 1px solid #E5E6EB; margin: 0; cursor: default; font: menu; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; z-index: 201; border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -khtml-border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: 0px 10px 20px #808080; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 10px 20px #808080; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 10px 20px #808080; -khtml-box-shadow: 0px 10px 20px #808080; } .mmd-menu:focus { outline: none; } .mmd-menu.mmd-menu-sm { max-width: 100vw; padding-bottom: 34px; border-radius: 0; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; -khtml-border-radius: 0; } .mmd-menu-item-icon { color: #1e2029; margin-left: auto; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; display: none; } .mmd-menu-item { padding-bottom: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-left: 1.25rem; padding-right: 1.25rem; display: flex; background: transparent; height: 52px; max-height: 52px; } .mmd-menu-item:focus { outline: none; } .mmd-menu-item.active { background-color: #e1e0e5; } .mmd-menu-item.active .mmd-menu-item-icon { display: flex; } .mmd-menu-item-container { overflow: hidden; } .mmd-menu-item-title { color: #1e2029; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; } .mmd-menu-item-value { color: #7d829c; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; } html[data-theme="dark"] .mmd-menu-item-title { color: #ebefe7; } html[data-theme="dark"] .mmd-menu-item.active .mmd-menu-item-title { color: #1e2029; } html[data-theme="dark"] .mmd-menu { background-color: #33363a; } .mmd-context-menu-overlay{ background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.56); } .ClipboardButton { padding: 0; margin: 0.5rem; display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(36, 41, 47); background: rgb(246, 248, 250); border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgba(31, 35, 40, 0.15); box-shadow: rgba(31, 35, 40, 0.04) 0 1px 0 0, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25) 0 1px 0 0 inset; position: relative; } .ClipboardButton:hover { background-color: rgb(243, 244, 246); border-color: rgba(31, 35, 40, 0.15); transition-duration: .1s; } .mmd-clipboard-icon { fill: currentColor; vertical-align: text-bottom; } .mmd-clipboard-copy-icon { color: rgb(101, 109, 118); } .mmd-clipboard-check-icon { color: rgb(26, 127, 55); } .mmd-tooltipped-no-delay:hover::before, .mmd-tooltipped-no-delay:hover::after { animation-delay: 0s; } .mmd-tooltipped:hover::before, .mmd-tooltipped:hover::after { display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; animation-name: tooltip-appear; animation-duration: .1s; animation-fill-mode: forwards; animation-timing-function: ease-in; animation-delay: .4s; } .mmd-tooltipped-w::before { top: 50%; bottom: 50%; left: -7px; margin-top: -6px; border-left-color: rgb(36, 41, 47); } .mmd-tooltipped::before { position: absolute; z-index: 1000001; display: none; width: 0; height: 0; color: rgb(36, 41, 47); pointer-events: none; content: ""; border: 6px solid transparent; opacity: 0; } .mmd-tooltipped-w::after { right: 100%; bottom: 50%; margin-right: 6px; transform: translateY(50%); } .mmd-tooltipped::after { position: absolute; z-index: 1000000; display: none; padding: 0.5em 0.75em; font: normal normal 11px/1.5 'CMU Serif', 'Georgia', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; pointer-events: none; content: attr(aria-label); background: rgb(36, 41, 47); border-radius: 6px; opacity: 0; }

SUR UN THEORÉME DE LAGUERRE

par

Tiberiu Popoviciu
Ancien élève de l'École Normale Superieure

Reçue le 31 janvier 1934.

    • Considérons un polynome f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) dont le degré est au moins: égal à n − 1 n − 1 n-1n-1n−1.
Soit U ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) ) U x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) U(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);f(x))\mathrm{U}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; f(x)\right)U(x1,x2,…,xn;f(x)) le déterminant dont la ligne générale est
1 x i x i 2 … x i n − 2 f ( x i ) 1 x i x i 2 … x i n − 2 f x i 1x_(i)x_(i)^(2)dotsx_(i)^(n-2)f(x_(i))1 x_{i} x_{i}^{2} \ldots x_{i}^{n-2} f\left(x_{i}\right)1xixi2…xin−2f(xi)
et posons V ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = U ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; x n − 1 ) V x 1 , x 2 , … , x n = U x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; x n − 1 V(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))=U(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);x^(n-1))\mathrm{V}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)=\mathrm{U}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; x^{n-1}\right)V(x1,x2,…,xn)=U(x1,x2,…,xn;xn−1) qui ost le déterminant de Van der Monde des quantités x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn.
Nous avons l'identité
(1) U ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) ) = ∑ i = 1 i = n ( − 1 ) n − i V ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x i − 1 , x i + 1 , … , x n ) f ( x i ) U x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 i = n   ( − 1 ) n − i V x 1 , x 2 , … , x i − 1 , x i + 1 , … , x n f x i U(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);f(x))=sum_(i=1)^(i=n)(-1)^(n-i)V(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(i-1),x_(i+1),dots,x_(n))f(x_(i))\mathrm{U}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; f(x)\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{i=n}(-1)^{n-i} V\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{i-1}, x_{i+1}, \ldots, x_{n}\right) f\left(x_{i}\right)U(x1,x2,…,xn;f(x))=∑i=1i=n(−1)n−iV(x1,x2,…,xi−1,xi+1,…,xn)f(xi) dont nous aurons besoin plus loin.
Considérons le quotient
[ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) ] = U ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) ) . x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) = U x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) . [x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);f(x)]=(U)/((x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);f(x))).\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; f(x)\right]=\frac{\mathrm{U}}{\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; f(x)\right)} .[x1,x2,…,xn;f(x)]=U(x1,x2,…,xn;f(x)).
Rappelons-nous maintenant qu'on dit que le polynome f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est convexe d'ordre ( n − 2 n − 2 n-2n-2n−2 ) ( 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}1 ) dans l'intervalle ( a , b a , b a,ba, ba,b ) si pour tout groupe de: n n nnn points distincts x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn de cet intervalle on a l'inégalité
(2) [ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) ] > 0 (2) x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; f ( x ) > 0 {:(2)[x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);f(x)] > 0:}\begin{equation*} \left[x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; f(x)\right]>0 \tag{2} \end{equation*}(2)[x1,x2,…,xn;f(x)]>0
Pour que le polynome f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) soit convexe d'ordre ( n − 2 n − 2 n-2n-2n−2 ) dans ( a , b a , b a,ba, ba,b ) il faut et il suffit que f ( n − 1 ) ( x ) ≥ 0 f ( n − 1 ) ( x ) ≥ 0 f^((n-1))(x) >= 0f^{(n-1)}(x) \geq 0f(n−1)(x)≥0 dans cet intervalle. L'inégalité (2). aura lieu pour tout système de n n nnn point non tous confondus.
2. - Soit maintenant P ( x ) = ( 1 − x 1 x ) ( 1 − x 2 x ) … , ( 1 − x n x ) P ( x ) = 1 − x 1 x 1 − x 2 x … , 1 − x n x P(x)=(1-x_(1)x)(1-x_(2)x)dots,(1-x_(n)x)\mathrm{P}(x)=\left(1-x_{1} x\right)\left(1-x_{2} x\right) \ldots,\left(1-x_{n} x\right)P(x)=(1−x1x)(1−x2x)…,(1−xnx) un polynome ayant tous ses zéros réels et considérons le développement
(3)
On sait que
1 P ( x ) = S 0 + S 1 x + S 2 x 2 + ⋯ 1 P ( x ) = S 0 + S 1 x + S 2 x 2 + ⋯ (1)/(P(x))=S_(0)+S_(1)x+S_(2)x^(2)+cdots\frac{1}{\mathrm{P}(x)}=\mathrm{S}_{0}+\mathrm{S}_{1} x+\mathrm{S}_{2} x^{2}+\cdots1P(x)=S0+S1x+S2x2+⋯
S m = ∑ x 1 i 1 x 2 i 2 … x n i n S m = ∑ x 1 i 1 x 2 i 2 … x n i n S_(m)=sumx_(1)^(i_(1))x_(2)^(i_(2))dotsx_(n)^(i_(n))\mathrm{S}_{m}=\sum x_{1}^{i_{1}} x_{2}^{i_{2}} \ldots x_{n}^{i_{n}}Sm=∑x1i1x2i2…xnin
où la sommation est étendue pour toutes les valeurs entières nonnégatives de i 1 , i 2 , … , i n i 1 , i 2 , … , i n i_(1),i_(2),dots,i_(n)i_{1}, i_{2}, \ldots, i_{n}i1,i2,…,in telles que i 1 + i 2 + ⋯ + i n = m i 1 + i 2 + ⋯ + i n = m i_(1)+i_(2)+cdots+i_(n)=mi_{1}+i_{2}+\cdots+i_{n}=mi1+i2+⋯+in=m.
En particulier si x 1 = x 2 = … = x n = 1 x 1 = x 2 = … = x n = 1 x_(1)=x_(2)=dots=x_(n)=1x_{1}=x_{2}=\ldots=x_{n}=1x1=x2=…=xn=1 on a
S m = ( n + n − 1 m ) = ( m + n − 1 n − 1 ) S m = ( n + n − 1 m ) = ( m + n − 1 n − 1 ) S_(m)=((n+n-1)/(m))=((m+n-1)/(n-1))\mathrm{S}_{m}=\binom{n+n-1}{m}=\binom{m+n-1}{n-1}Sm=(n+n−1m)=(m+n−1n−1)
Décomposant en fractions simples le premier membre de (3) on a
1 P ( x ) = − ∑ i = 1 i = n ( − 1 ) n − i V ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x i − 1 , x i + 1 , … , x n ) x i n − 1 V ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) ( 1 − x i x ) 1 P ( x ) = − ∑ i = 1 i = n   ( − 1 ) n − i V x 1 , x 2 , … , x i − 1 , x i + 1 , … , x n x i n − 1 V x 1 , x 2 , … , x n 1 − x i x (1)/(P(x))=-sum_(i=1)^(i=n)((-1)^(n-i)(V)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(i-1),x_(i+1),dots,x_(n))x_(i)^(n-1))/((V)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))(1-x_(i)x))\frac{1}{\mathrm{P}(x)}=-\sum_{i=1}^{i=n} \frac{(-1)^{n-i} \mathrm{~V}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{i-1}, x_{i+1}, \ldots, x_{n}\right) x_{i}^{n-1}}{\mathrm{~V}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)\left(1-x_{i} x\right)}1P(x)=−∑i=1i=n(−1)n−i V(x1,x2,…,xi−1,xi+1,…,xn)xin−1 V(x1,x2,…,xn)(1−xix)
et tenant compte de (1) nous trouvons
(4)
S m = [ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; x m + n − 1 ] S m = x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; x m + n − 1 S_(m)=[x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);x^(m+n-1)]\mathrm{S}_{m}=\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; x^{m+n-1}\right]Sm=[x1,x2,…,xn;xm+n−1]
    • Considérons l'équation de degré 2 p 2 p 2p2 p2p
F ( z ) ≡ a 0 S k + a 1 S k + 1 z … a 2 p S 2 p + k z 2 p = 0 , a 2 p > 0 F ( z ) ≡ a 0 S k + a 1 S k + 1 z … a 2 p S 2 p + k z 2 p = 0 , a 2 p > 0 F(z)-=a_(0)S_(k)+a_(1)S_(k+1)z dotsa_(2p)S_(2p+k)z^(2p)=0,quada_(2p) > 0\mathrm{F}(z) \equiv a_{0} \mathrm{~S}_{k}+a_{1} \mathrm{~S}_{k+1} z \ldots a_{2 p} \mathrm{~S}_{2 p+k} z^{2 p}=0, \quad a_{2 p}>0F(z)≡a0 Sk+a1 Sk+1z…a2p S2p+kz2p=0,a2p>0
Si nous posons
φ ( x ) = x n + k − 1 ( a 0 + a 1 x z + a 2 ( x z ) 2 + ⋯ + a 2 p ( x z ) 2 p ) φ ( x ) = x n + k − 1 a 0 + a 1 x z + a 2 ( x z ) 2 + ⋯ + a 2 p ( x z ) 2 p varphi(x)=x^(n+k-1)(a_(0)+a_(1)xz+a_(2)(xz)^(2)+cdots+a_(2p)(xz)^(2p))\varphi(x)=x^{n+k-1}\left(a_{0}+a_{1} x z+a_{2}(x z)^{2}+\cdots+a_{2 p}(x z)^{2 p}\right)φ(x)=xn+k−1(a0+a1xz+a2(xz)2+⋯+a2p(xz)2p)
nous avons d'après (4)
F ( z ) = [ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; φ ( x ) ] F ( z ) = x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ; φ ( x ) F(z)=[x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n);varphi(x)]\mathrm{F}(z)=\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n} ; \varphi(x)\right]F(z)=[x1,x2,…,xn;φ(x)]
Si nous remarquons que
φ ( n − 1 ) ( x ) = ( n − 1 ) ! x k [ ( k + n − 1 n − 1 ) a 0 + ( k + n n − 1 ) a 1 x z + ⋯ + ( k + n + 2 p − 1 n − 1 ) a 2 p ( x z ) 2 p ] φ ( n − 1 ) ( x ) = ( n − 1 ) ! x k ( k + n − 1 n − 1 ) a 0 + ( k + n n − 1 ) a 1 x z + ⋯ + ( k + n + 2 p − 1 n − 1 ) a 2 p ( x z ) 2 p varphi^((n-1))(x)=(n-1)!x^(k)[((k+n-1)/(n-1))a_(0)+((k+n)/(n-1))a_(1)xz+cdots+((k+n+2p-1)/(n-1))a_(2p)(xz)^(2p)]\varphi^{(n-1)}(x)=(n-1)!x^{k}\left[\binom{k+n-1}{n-1} a_{0}+\binom{k+n}{n-1} a_{1} x z+\cdots+\binom{k+n+2 p-1}{n-1} a_{2 p}(x z)^{2 p}\right]φ(n−1)(x)=(n−1)!xk[(k+n−1n−1)a0+(k+nn−1)a1xz+⋯+(k+n+2p−1n−1)a2p(xz)2p]
nous pouvons énoncer les propriétés suivantes:
Si k k kkk est pair et si le polynome
(5) ∑ i = 0 i = 2 p ( k + n + i − 1 n − 1 ) a i z i (5) ∑ i = 0 i = 2 p   ( k + n + i − 1 n − 1 ) a i z i {:(5)sum_(i=0)^(i=2p)((k+n+i-1)/(n-1))a_(i)z^(i):}\begin{equation*} \sum_{i=0}^{i=2 p}\binom{k+n+i-1}{n-1} a_{i} z^{i} \tag{5} \end{equation*}(5)∑i=0i=2p(k+n+i−1n−1)aizi
est non-négatif, le polynome
(6) ∑ i = 0 i = 2 p a i S k + i z i (6) ∑ i = 0 i = 2 p   a i S k + i z i {:(6)sum_(i=0)^(i=2p)a_(i)S_(k+i)z^(i):}\begin{equation*} \sum_{i=0}^{i=2 p} a_{i} \mathrm{~S}_{k+i} z^{i} \tag{6} \end{equation*}(6)∑i=0i=2pai Sk+izi
est positif tant que les racines x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn ne sont pas toutes égales.
Si k k kkk est impair et si le polynome (5) est non-négatif le polynome (6) est positif tant que les racines x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn sont non-négatives et non toutes égales.
4. - Laguerre a démontré la proposition suivante:
Si l'équation P ( x ) = 0 P ( x ) = 0 P(x)=0\mathrm{P}(x)=0P(x)=0 a toutes ses racines réelles le polynome
∑ i = 0 2 p S i z i ∑ i = 0 2 p   S i z i sum_(i=0)^(2p)S_(i)z^(i)\sum_{i=0}^{2 p} \mathrm{~S}_{i} z^{i}∑i=02p Sizi
est positif.
Supposons toujours que le théorème de Laguerre soit vrai quand tous les zéros du polynome P ( x ) P ( x ) P(x)\mathrm{P}(x)P(x) sont égaux. En d'autres termes le polynome
Q a , 0 = ∑ i = 1 2 p ( α + i α ) z i Q a , 0 = ∑ i = 1 2 p   ( α + i α ) z i Q_(a,0)=sum_(i=1)^(2p)((alpha+i)/(alpha))z^(i)Q_{a, 0}=\sum_{i=1}^{2 p}\binom{\alpha+i}{\alpha} z^{i}Qa,0=∑i=12p(α+iα)zi
est positif pour α α alpha\alphaα entier > 0 > 0 > 0>0>0.
Considérons le polynome plus général
Q a , β = ∑ i = 0 2 p ( α + 3 + i α ) z i , α , β entiers ≥ 0 . Q a , β = ∑ i = 0 2 p   ( α + 3 + i α ) z i , α , β  entiers  ≥ 0 . Q_(a,beta)=sum_(i=0)^(2p)((alpha+3+i)/(alpha))z^(i),quad alpha,beta" entiers " >= 0.Q_{a, \beta}=\sum_{i=0}^{2 p}\binom{\alpha+3+i}{\alpha} z^{i}, \quad \alpha, \beta \text { entiers } \geq 0 .Qa,β=∑i=02p(α+3+iα)zi,α,β entiers ≥0.
La rélation de récurrence
Q a , β = Q a , β − 1 + Q a − 1 , β Q a , β = Q a , β − 1 + Q a − 1 , β Q_(a,beta)=Q_(a,beta-1)+Q_(a-1,beta)Q_{a, \beta}=Q_{a, \beta-1}+Q_{a-1, \beta}Qa,β=Qa,β−1+Qa−1,β
et le fait que Q 0 , β Q 0 , β Q_(0,beta)Q_{0, \beta}Q0,β est indépendant de β ( Q 0 , β = 1 + z + z 2 + ⋯ + z 2 p ) β Q 0 , β = 1 + z + z 2 + ⋯ + z 2 p beta(Q_(0,beta)=1+z+z^(2)+cdots+z^(2p))\beta\left(Q_{0, \beta}=1+z+z^{2}+\cdots+z^{2 p}\right)β(Q0,β=1+z+z2+⋯+z2p) nous montrent que le polynome Q α , β Q α , β Q_(alpha,beta)Q_{\alpha, \beta}Qα,β est positif.
Faisant donc a 1 = a 2 = ⋯ = a 2 p = 1 a 1 = a 2 = ⋯ = a 2 p = 1 a_(1)=a_(2)=cdots=a_(2p)=1a_{1}=a_{2}=\cdots=a_{2 p}=1a1=a2=⋯=a2p=1 dans (5) nous déduisons les propriétés suivantes:
Si k k kkk est pair le polynome
(7)
∑ i = 0 2 p S k + i z i ∑ i = 0 2 p   S k + i z i sum_(i=0)^(2p)S_(k+i)z^(i)\sum_{i=0}^{2 p} \mathrm{~S}_{k+i} z^{i}∑i=02p Sk+izi
est certainement positif, tant que les racines x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn ne sont pas toutes égales.
Si k k kkk est impair, le polynome (7) est certainement positif tant que les racines x i x i x_(i)x_{i}xi sont non-négatives et non toutes égales.
5. - Posons
σ m = S m ( m + n − 1 n − 1 ) , M m = σ m m σ m = S m ( m + n − 1 n − 1 ) , M m = σ m m sigma_(m)=(S^(m))/(((m+n-1)/(n-1))),quadM_(m)=root(m)(sigma_(m))\sigma_{m}=\frac{\mathrm{S}^{m}}{\binom{m+n-1}{n-1}}, \quad \mathrm{M}_{m}=\sqrt[m]{\sigma_{m}}σm=Sm(m+n−1n−1),Mm=σmm
(1) Voir Lagumrre „Oeuvres" t. J. pag. 111.
M m M m M_(m)\mathrm{M}_{m}Mm est donc une valeur moyenne.
Si
p = 1 , a i = ( 2 i ) ( k + n + i − 1 n − 1 ) , 1 = 0 , 1 , 2 p = 1 , a i = ( 2 i ) ( k + n + i − 1 n − 1 ) , 1 = 0 , 1 , 2 p=1,quada_(i)=(((2)/(i)))/(((k+n+i-1)/(n-1))),quad1=0,1,2p=1, \quad a_{i}=\frac{\binom{2}{i}}{\binom{k+n+i-1}{n-1}}, \quad 1=0,1,2p=1,ai=(2i)(k+n+i−1n−1),1=0,1,2
Me polynome (5) est non-négatif, donc en supposant les x l x l x_(l)x_{l}xl non-négatifs mous avons aussi
σ k + 2 σ k + 1 x + σ k + 2 x 2 ≥ 0 σ k + 2 σ k + 1 x + σ k + 2 x 2 ≥ 0 sigma_(k)+2sigma_(k+1)x+sigma_(k+2)x^(2) >= 0\sigma_{k}+2 \sigma_{k+1} x+\sigma_{k+2} x^{2} \geq 0σk+2σk+1x+σk+2x2≥0
"quel que soit k k kkk et l'égalité n'étant possible que si tous les x i x i x_(i)x_{i}xi sont identiques.
Nous avens donc
σ k + 1 2 ≤ σ k , σ k + 2 σ 0 = 1 , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … σ k + 1 2 ≤ σ k , σ k + 2 σ 0 = 1 , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … {:[sigma_(k+1)^(2) <= sigma_(k)","sigma_(k+2)],[sigma_(0)=1","k=0","1","2","dots]:}\begin{gathered} \sigma_{k+1}^{2} \leq \sigma_{k}, \sigma_{k+2} \\ \sigma_{0}=1, k=0,1,2, \ldots \end{gathered}σk+12≤σk,σk+2σ0=1,k=0,1,2,…
aet on peut alors énoncer la propriété suivante:
Si les x l x l x_(l)x_{l}xl sont non-négatifs on a la suite d'inégalités
M 1 ≤ M 2 ≤ … ≤ M m ≤ … M 1 ≤ M 2 ≤ … ≤ M m ≤ … M_(1) <= M_(2) <= dots <= M_(m) <= dotsM_{1} \leq M_{2} \leq \ldots \leq M_{m} \leq \ldotsM1≤M2≤…≤Mm≤…
d’égalité entre deux termes consécutifs ne pouvant avoir lieu que si les x 1 x 1 x_(1)x_{1}x1 sont tous identiques.

  1. ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ^((1)){ }^{(1)}(1) Voir: T. Popoviciu „Sur quelques propriétés des fonctions d'une ou de: deux variables réelles" Thèse Paris 1933.
1934

Related Posts