Sur la délimitation de l’erreur dans l’approximation des racines d’une équation par interpolation linéaire ou quadratique

Abstrait

Traduction en anglais du titre

On the Bounding of the Error in Approximating the Roots of an Equation by Linear or Quadratic Interpolation

Auteur(s)

Tiberiu Popoviciu
Institutul de Calcul

Mots-clés

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Pour citer ce travail

T. Popoviciu, Sur la délimitation de l’erreur dans l’approximation des racines d’une équation par interpolation linéaire ou quadratique, Rev. Roumaine Math. Pures Appl., 13 (1968), pp. 75-78 (in French) [MR0226849, Zbl 0162.08401]

Sur ce travail

Journal

Revue Roumaine de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées

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Publishing House of the Romanian Academy

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SUR LA DÉLIMITATION DE L'ERREUR DANS L'APPROXIMATION DES RACINES D'UNE ÉQUATION PAR INTERPOLATION LINEAIRE OU QUADRATIQUE
par
TIBERIU POPOVICIU

On précise d'abord la délimitation de l'erreur donnée par A. M. OSTROWSKI
[1] dans l'approximation des racines d'une équation par interpolation linéaire.
On donne aussi un résultat analogue dans le cas de l'interpolation quadratique.
  1. Considérons une fonction réelle f = f ( x ) f = f ( x ) f=f(x)f=f(x)f=f(x), définie et continue sur un intervalle I I III de longueur non nulle. Nous allons désigner par z une racine de l'équation
f ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) = 0 f(x)=0f(x)=0f(x)=0
Nous désignerons par [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x n + 1 ′ ; f ] x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x n + 1 ′ ; f [x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),dots,x_(n+1)^(');f]\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, x_{n+1}^{\prime} ; f\right][x1′,x2′,…,xn+1′;f] la différence divisée (d'ordre n n nnn ) et p p ppp ar L ( x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x n + 1 ′ ; f ∣ x ) = [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x n + 1 ′ ; f ] x n + … L x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x n + 1 ′ ; f ∣ x = x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x n + 1 ′ ; f x n + … L(x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),dots,x_(n+1)^(');f∣x)=[x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),dots,x_(n+1)^(');f]x^(n)+dotsL\left(x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, x_{n+1}^{\prime} ; f \mid x\right)=\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, x_{n+1}^{\prime} ; f\right] x^{n}+\ldotsL(x1′,x2′,…,xn+1′;f∣x)=[x1′,x2′,…,xn+1′;f]xn+…; le polynôme d'interpolation de Lagrange-Hermite sur les nœuds x 1 ′ x 1 ′ x_(1)^(')x_{1}^{\prime}x1′, x 2 ′ , … , x n ′ x 2 ′ , … , x n ′ x_(2)^('),dots,x_(n)^(')x_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, x_{n}^{\prime}x2′,…,xn′ qui ne sont pas nécessairement distincts. Lorsque les nœuds ne sont pas distincts, dans la différence divisée et dans le polynôme d'interpolation correspondants interviennent aussi les dérivées successives de la fonction f f fff, d'après des règles bien connues.
2. Soient x 1 , x 2 x 1 , x 2 x_(1),x_(2)x_{1}, x_{2}x1,x2 des points de I I III et y y yyy la racine du polynôme de La-grange-Hermite L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ x ) L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ x L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣x)L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid x\right)L(x1,x2;f∣x). Proposons-nous de délimiter l'erreur z − y z − y z-yz-yz−y de l'approximation y y yyy ainsi calculée de z z zzz, en faisant sur la fonction f f fff certaines hypothèses convenables.
De L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ y ) = f ( z ) = 0 L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ y = f ( z ) = 0 L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣y)=f(z)=0L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid y\right)=f(z)=0L(x1,x2;f∣y)=f(z)=0 et de l'expression bien connue du reste de la formule d'interpolation de Lagrange-Hermite, nous déduisons que
(2)
L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ y ) − L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ z ) = = f ( z ) − L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ z ) = [ x 1 , x 2 , z ; f ] ( z − x 1 ) ( z − x 2 ) L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ y − L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ z = = f ( z ) − L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ z = x 1 , x 2 , z ; f z − x 1 z − x 2 {:[L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣y)-L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣z)=],[=f(z)-L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣z)=[x_(1),x_(2),z;f](z-x_(1))(z-x_(2))]:}\begin{gathered} L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid y\right)-L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid z\right)= \\ =f(z)-L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid z\right)=\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, z ; f\right]\left(z-x_{1}\right)\left(z-x_{2}\right) \end{gathered}L(x1,x2;f∣y)−L(x1,x2;f∣z)==f(z)−L(x1,x2;f∣z)=[x1,x2,z;f](z−x1)(z−x2)
REV. ROUM. MATH. PURES ET APPL., TOME XIII, NO 1. p. 75-78, BUCAREST, 1968
Mais
L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ y ) − L ( x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ z ) = [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] ( y − z ) L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ y − L x 1 , x 2 ; f ∣ z = x 1 , x 2 ; f ( y − z ) L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣y)-L(x_(1),x_(2);f∣z)=[x_(1),x_(2);f](y-z)L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid y\right)-L\left(x_{1}, x_{2} ; f \mid z\right)=\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right](y-z)L(x1,x2;f∣y)−L(x1,x2;f∣z)=[x1,x2;f](y−z)
et il en résulte que
(3) [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] ( z − y ) = − [ x 1 , x 2 , z ; f ] ( z − x 1 ) ( z − x 2 ) (3) x 1 , x 2 ; f ( z − y ) = − x 1 , x 2 , z ; f z − x 1 z − x 2 {:(3)[x_(1),x_(2);f](z-y)=-[x_(1),x_(2),z;f](z-x_(1))(z-x_(2)):}\begin{equation*} \left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right](z-y)=-\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, z ; f\right]\left(z-x_{1}\right)\left(z-x_{2}\right) \tag{3} \end{equation*}(3)[x1,x2;f](z−y)=−[x1,x2,z;f](z−x1)(z−x2)
Si nous supposons que [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] ≠ 0 x 1 , x 2 ; f ≠ 0 [x_(1),x_(2);f]!=0\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right] \neq 0[x1,x2;f]≠0, nous déduisons que
(4) z − y = − [ x 1 , x 2 , z ; f ] [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] ( z − x 1 ) ( z − x 2 ) (4) z − y = − x 1 , x 2 , z ; f x 1 , x 2 ; f z − x 1 z − x 2 {:(4)z-y=-([x_(1),x_(2),z;f])/([x_(1),x_(2);f])(z-x_(1))(z-x_(2)):}\begin{equation*} z-y=-\frac{\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, z ; f\right]}{\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right]}\left(z-x_{1}\right)\left(z-x_{2}\right) \tag{4} \end{equation*}(4)z−y=−[x1,x2,z;f][x1,x2;f](z−x1)(z−x2)
C'est d'ailleurs une conséquence immédiate de l'application de la méthode de «regula falsi» et en particulier de celle de Newton si x 1 = x 2 x 1 = x 2 x_(1)=x_(2)x_{1}=x_{2}x1=x2.
Si nous supposons que f f fff ait une dérivée seconde sur I I III, nous avons.
(5) [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] = f ′ ( ξ ) , [ x 1 , x 2 , z ; f ] = 1 2 f ′ ′ ( ξ 1 ) (5) x 1 , x 2 ; f = f ′ ( ξ ) , x 1 , x 2 , z ; f = 1 2 f ′ ′ ξ 1 {:(5)[x_(1),x_(2);f]=f^(')(xi)","quad[x_(1),x_(2),z;f]=(1)/(2)f^('')(xi_(1)):}\begin{equation*} \left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right]=f^{\prime}(\xi), \quad\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, z ; f\right]=\frac{1}{2} f^{\prime \prime}\left(\xi_{1}\right) \tag{5} \end{equation*}(5)[x1,x2;f]=f′(ξ),[x1,x2,z;f]=12f′′(ξ1)
où ξ ξ xi\xiξ respectivement ξ 1 ξ 1 xi_(1)\xi_{1}ξ1, est (lorsque x 1 ≠ x 2 x 1 ≠ x 2 x_(1)!=x_(2)x_{1} \neq x_{2}x1≠x2 ) à l'intérieur du plus petit intervalle contenant les points x 1 , x 2 x 1 , x 2 x_(1),x_(2)x_{1}, x_{2}x1,x2 respectivement les points x 1 , x 2 , z x 1 , x 2 , z x_(1),x_(2),zx_{1}, x_{2}, zx1,x2,z. Si donc la dérivée f ′ f ′ f^(')f^{\prime}f′ de f f fff ne s'annule pas sur I I III (plus généralement à l'intérieur du plus petit intervalle contenant les points x 1 , x 2 x 1 , x 2 x_(1),x_(2)x_{1}, x_{2}x1,x2, ou sur x 1 x 1 x_(1)x_{1}x1 si x 1 = x 2 x 1 = x 2 x_(1)=x_(2)x_{1}=x_{2}x1=x2 ), nous en déduisons
z − y = − f ′ ′ ( ξ 1 ) 2 f ′ ( ξ ) ( z − x 1 ) ( z − x 2 ) z − y = − f ′ ′ ξ 1 2 f ′ ( ξ ) z − x 1 z − x 2 z-y=-(f^('')(xi_(1)))/(2f^(')(xi))(z-x_(1))(z-x_(2))z-y=-\frac{f^{\prime \prime}\left(\xi_{1}\right)}{2 f^{\prime}(\xi)}\left(z-x_{1}\right)\left(z-x_{2}\right)z−y=−f′′(ξ1)2f′(ξ)(z−x1)(z−x2)
  1. Les formules précédentes ont un sens seulement si la racine z existe et présente un intérêt seulement si y y yyy ne sort pas de l'intervalle I I III.
Supposons que
0 < m 1 ≦ | [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ] | ≦ M 1 < + ∞ 0 < m 2 ≦ | [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ ; f ] | ≦ M 2 < + ∞ 0 < m 1 ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ≦ M 1 < + ∞ 0 < m 2 ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ ; f ≦ M 2 < + ∞ {:[0 < m_(1) <= |[x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(');f]| <= M_(1) < +oo],[0 < m_(2) <= |[x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),x_(3)^(');f]| <= M_(2) < +oo]:}\begin{aligned} & 0<m_{1} \leqq\left|\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} ; f\right]\right| \leqq M_{1}<+\infty \\ & 0<m_{2} \leqq\left|\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, x_{3}^{\prime} ; f\right]\right| \leqq M_{2}<+\infty \end{aligned}0<m1≦|[x1′,x2′;f]|≦M1<+∞0<m2≦|[x1′,x2′,x3′;f]|≦M2<+∞
pour tous les groupes de 3 points distincts x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),x_(3)^(')x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, x_{3}^{\prime}x1′,x2′,x3′ de I I III. La fonction f f fff a alors une dérivée continue, est strictement monotone et est convexe ou concave sur I I III. Alors si la fonction change de signe, la racine z z zzz existe et est unique. Le point y appartient au plus petit intervalle contenant les points x 1 , x 2 x 1 , x 2 x_(1),x_(2)x_{1}, x_{2}x1,x2, z si f ( x 1 ) f ( x 2 ) < 0 f x 1 f x 2 < 0 f(x_(1))f(x_(2)) < 0f\left(x_{1}\right) f\left(x_{2}\right)<0f(x1)f(x2)<0, ou bien si le point x 1 = x 2 x 1 = x 2 x_(1)=x_(2)x_{1}=x_{2}x1=x2 est d'un côté convenable de z z zzz.
De (4) nous déduisons alors les délimitations suivantes de l'erreur z − y z − y z-yz-yz−y de l'approximation y y yyy de z z zzz,
m 2 M 1 | z − x 1 | | z − x 2 | ≦ | z − y | ≦ M 2 m 1 | z − x 1 | | z − x 2 | m 2 M 1 z − x 1 z − x 2 ≦ | z − y | ≦ M 2 m 1 z − x 1 z − x 2 (m_(2))/(M_(1))|z-x_(1)||z-x_(2)| <= |z-y| <= (M_(2))/(m_(1))|z-x_(1)||z-x_(2)|\frac{m_{2}}{M_{1}}\left|z-x_{1}\right|\left|z-x_{2}\right| \leqq|z-y| \leqq \frac{M_{2}}{m_{1}}\left|z-x_{1}\right|\left|z-x_{2}\right|m2M1|z−x1||z−x2|≦|z−y|≦M2m1|z−x1||z−x2|
Les coefficients m 2 M 1 , M 2 m 1 m 2 M 1 , M 2 m 1 (m_(2))/(M_(1)),(M_(2))/(m_(1))\frac{m_{2}}{M_{1}}, \frac{M_{2}}{m_{1}}m2M1,M2m1 de ces délimitations sont, en général, meilleurs que m 2 m 1 2 M 1 3 , M 2 M 1 2 m 1 3 m 2 m 1 2 M 1 3 , M 2 M 1 2 m 1 3 (m_(2)m_(1)^(2))/(M_(1)^(3)),(M_(2)M_(1)^(2))/(m_(1)^(3))\frac{m_{2} m_{1}^{2}}{M_{1}^{3}}, \frac{M_{2} M_{1}^{2}}{m_{1}^{3}}m2m12M13,M2M12m13 trouvés par A.M. Ostrowski [1].
4. Nous nous proposons d'obtenir un résultat analogue en considérant un polynôme d'interpolation sur 3 nœuds.
Supposons que la fonction f f fff soit continue, strictement monotone et ait une racine z z zzz à l'intérieur de l'intervalle I I III. Consid ćrons trois points x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ∈ I x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ∈ I x_(1),x_(2),x_(3)in Ix_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3} \in Ix1,x2,x3∈I, non tous confondus, tel que x 1 ≦ x 2 ≦ x 3 , x 1 < z < x 3 x 1 ≦ x 2 ≦ x 3 , x 1 < z < x 3 x_(1) <= x_(2) <= x_(3),x_(1) < z < x_(3)x_{1} \leqq x_{2} \leqq x_{3}, x_{1}<z<x_{3}x1≦x2≦x3,x1<z<x3. Alors le polynôme de Lagrange-Hermite L ( x 1 , x 2 , x 2 ⋅ f + x ) L x 1 , x 2 , x 2 ⋅ f + x L(x_(1),x_(2),x^(2)*f+x)L\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, x^{2} \cdot f+x\right)L(x1,x2,x2⋅f+x) a y ′ y ′ y^(')y^{\prime}y′ (et une seule) sur l'intervalle ( x 1 , x 3 x 1 , x 3 x_(1),x_(3)x_{1}, x_{3}x1,x3 ). Si nous ple yerrent L ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ; f ∣ x ) = L ( x ) L x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ; f ∣ x = L ( x ) L(x_(1),x_(2),x_(3);f∣x)=L(x)L\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3} ; f \mid x\right)=L(x)L(x1,x2,x3;f∣x)=L(x), la formule, analys and moment L ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , j ∣ x ) = L x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , j ∣ x = L(x_(1),x_(2),x_(3),j∣x)=L\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, j \mid x\right)=L(x1,x2,x3,j∣x)=
(6) L ( y ′ ) − L ( z ) = [ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , z ; f ] ( z − x 1 ) ( z − x 2 ) ( z − x 3 ) (6) L y ′ − L ( z ) = x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , z ; f z − x 1 z − x 2 z − x 3 {:(6)L(y^('))-L(z)=[x_(1),x_(2),x_(3),z;f](z-x_(1))(z-x_(2))(z-x_(3)):}\begin{equation*} L\left(y^{\prime}\right)-L(z)=\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, z ; f\right]\left(z-x_{1}\right)\left(z-x_{2}\right)\left(z-x_{3}\right) \tag{6} \end{equation*}(6)L(y′)−L(z)=[x1,x2,x3,z;f](z−x1)(z−x2)(z−x3)
servira pour la délimitation de l'erreur z − y ′ z − y ′ z-y^(')z-y^{\prime}z−y′ de l'approximation y ′ y ′ y^(')y^{\prime}y′ de z z zzz.
Si L ( y ′ ) ≠ L ( z ) L y ′ ≠ L ( z ) L(y^('))!=L(z)L\left(y^{\prime}\right) \neq L(z)L(y′)≠L(z) de (6) il résulte que
(7) z − y ′ = − [ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , z ; f ] [ y ′ , z ; L ] ( z − x 1 ) ( z − x 2 ) ( z − x 3 ) (7) z − y ′ = − x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , z ; f y ′ , z ; L z − x 1 z − x 2 z − x 3 {:(7)z-y^(')=-([x_(1),x_(2),x_(3),z;f])/([y^('),z;L])(z-x_(1))(z-x_(2))(z-x_(3)):}\begin{equation*} z-y^{\prime}=-\frac{\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3}, z ; f\right]}{\left[y^{\prime}, z ; L\right]}\left(z-x_{1}\right)\left(z-x_{2}\right)\left(z-x_{3}\right) \tag{7} \end{equation*}(7)z−y′=−[x1,x2,x3,z;f][y′,z;L](z−x1)(z−x2)(z−x3)
  1. Pour aller plus loin remarquons que la dérivée L ′ ( x ) L ′ ( x ) L^(')(x)L^{\prime}(x)L′(x) étant de degré 1 et y ′ , z ∈ ( x 1 , x 3 ) y ′ , z ∈ x 1 , x 3 y^('),z in(x_(1),x_(3))y^{\prime}, z \in\left(x_{1}, x_{3}\right)y′,z∈(x1,x3) la différence divisťe [ y ′ , z ; L ] y ′ , z ; L [y^('),z;L]\left[y^{\prime}, z ; L\right][y′,z;L] est comprise entre L ′ ( x 1 ) L ′ x 1 L^(')(x_(1))L^{\prime}\left(x_{1}\right)L′(x1) et L ′ ( x 3 ) L ′ x 3 L^(')(x_(3))L^{\prime}\left(x_{3}\right)L′(x3).
En faisant les calculs, nous trouvons
L ′ ( x 1 ) = x 2 − x 1 x 3 − x 1 { 2 [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] − [ x 2 , x 3 ; f ] } + x 3 − x 2 x 3 − x 1 [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] L ′ ( x 3 ) = x 3 − x 2 x 3 − x 1 { 2 [ x 2 , x 3 ; f ] − [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] } + x 2 − x 1 x 3 − x 1 [ x 2 , x 3 ; f ] L ′ x 1 = x 2 − x 1 x 3 − x 1 2 x 1 , x 2 ; f − x 2 , x 3 ; f + x 3 − x 2 x 3 − x 1 x 1 , x 2 ; f L ′ x 3 = x 3 − x 2 x 3 − x 1 2 x 2 , x 3 ; f − x 1 , x 2 ; f + x 2 − x 1 x 3 − x 1 x 2 , x 3 ; f {:[L^(')(x_(1))=(x_(2)-x_(1))/(x_(3)-x_(1)){2[x_(1),x_(2);f]-[x_(2),x_(3);f]}+(x_(3)-x_(2))/(x_(3)-x_(1))[x_(1),x_(2);f]],[L^(')(x_(3))=(x_(3)-x_(2))/(x_(3)-x_(1)){2[x_(2),x_(3);f]-[x_(1),x_(2);f]}+(x_(2)-x_(1))/(x_(3)-x_(1))[x_(2),x_(3);f]]:}\begin{aligned} L^{\prime}\left(x_{1}\right) & =\frac{x_{2}-x_{1}}{x_{3}-x_{1}}\left\{2\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right]-\left[x_{2}, x_{3} ; f\right]\right\}+\frac{x_{3}-x_{2}}{x_{3}-x_{1}}\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right] \\ L^{\prime}\left(x_{3}\right) & =\frac{x_{3}-x_{2}}{x_{3}-x_{1}}\left\{2\left[x_{2}, x_{3} ; f\right]-\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right]\right\}+\frac{x_{2}-x_{1}}{x_{3}-x_{1}}\left[x_{2}, x_{3} ; f\right] \end{aligned}L′(x1)=x2−x1x3−x1{2[x1,x2;f]−[x2,x3;f]}+x3−x2x3−x1[x1,x2;f]L′(x3)=x3−x2x3−x1{2[x2,x3;f]−[x1,x2;f]}+x2−x1x3−x1[x2,x3;f]
Si λ ≦ [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ] ≦ μ λ ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ≦ μ lambda <= [x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(');f] <= mu\lambda \leqq\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} ; f\right] \leqq \muλ≦[x1′,x2′;f]≦μ pour tout x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ∈ I x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ∈ I x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(')in Ix_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} \in Ix1′,x2′∈I, nous trouvons que
(8) min ( λ , 2 λ − μ ) ≦ L ′ ( x 1 ) , L ′ ( x 3 ) ≦ max ( μ , 2 μ − λ ) (8) min ( λ , 2 λ − μ ) ≦ L ′ x 1 , L ′ x 3 ≦ max ( μ , 2 μ − λ ) {:(8)min(lambda","2lambda-mu) <= L^(')(x_(1))","L^(')(x_(3)) <= max(mu","2mu-lambda):}\begin{equation*} \min (\lambda, 2 \lambda-\mu) \leqq L^{\prime}\left(x_{1}\right), L^{\prime}\left(x_{3}\right) \leqq \max (\mu, 2 \mu-\lambda) \tag{8} \end{equation*}(8)min(λ,2λ−μ)≦L′(x1),L′(x3)≦max(μ,2μ−λ)
Supposons maintenant que la fonction f f fff vérifie les conditions
(9) { 0 < m 1 ≦ | [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ] | ≦ M 1 < + ∞ 0 < m 3 ≦ | [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ , x 4 ′ ; f ] | ≦ M 3 < + ∞ (9) 0 < m 1 ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ≦ M 1 < + ∞ 0 < m 3 ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ , x 4 ′ ; f ≦ M 3 < + ∞ {:(9){[0 < m_(1) <= |[x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(');f]| <= M_(1) < +oo],[0 < m_(3) <= |[x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),x_(3)^('),x_(4)^(');f]| <= M_(3) < +oo]:}:}\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0<m_{1} \leqq\left|\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} ; f\right]\right| \leqq M_{1}<+\infty \tag{9}\\ 0<m_{3} \leqq\left|\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, x_{3}^{\prime}, x_{4}^{\prime} ; f\right]\right| \leqq M_{3}<+\infty \end{array}\right.(9){0<m1≦|[x1′,x2′;f]|≦M1<+∞0<m3≦|[x1′,x2′,x3′,x4′;f]|≦M3<+∞
pour tout groupe de 4 points distincts x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ , x 4 ′ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , x 3 ′ , x 4 ′ x_(1)^('),x_(2)^('),x_(3)^('),x_(4)^(')x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime}, x_{3}^{\prime}, x_{4}^{\prime}x1′,x2′,x3′,x4′ de I I III et que M 1 < 2 m 1 M 1 < 2 m 1 M_(1) < 2m_(1)M_{1}<2 m_{1}M1<2m1.
De la première condition (9) il résulte que la différence divisée [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(');fx_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} ; fx1′,x2′;f ] est de signe invariable (autrement elle s'annulerait aussi, ce qui est impossible). Nous avons donc, ou bien 0 < m 1 ≦ [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ] ≦ M 1 0 < m 1 ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ≦ M 1 0 < m_(1) <= [x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(');f] <= M_(1)0<m_{1} \leqq\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} ; f\right] \leqq M_{1}0<m1≦[x1′,x2′;f]≦M1 pour tout x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ∈ I x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ∈ I x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(')in Ix_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} \in Ix1′,x2′∈I ou bien − M 1 ≦ [ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ] ≦ − m 1 < 0 − M 1 ≦ x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ ; f ≦ − m 1 < 0 -M_(1) <= [x_(1)^('),x_(2)^(');f] <= -m_(1) < 0-M_{1} \leqq\left[x_{1}^{\prime}, x_{2}^{\prime} ; f\right] \leqq-m_{1}<0−M1≦[x1′,x2′;f]≦−m1<0 pour tout x 1 ′ x 1 ′ x_(1)^(')x_{1}^{\prime}x1′, x 2 ′ ∈ I x 2 ′ ∈ I x_(2)^(')in Ix_{2}^{\prime} \in Ix2′∈I.
De (8) il résulte donc que 0 < 2 m 1 − M 1 = min ( m 1 , 2 m 1 − M 1 ) ≦≦ | L ′ ( x 1 ) | , | L ′ ( x 3 ) | ≦ max ( M 1 , 2 M 1 − m 1 ) ≦ 2 M 1 − m 1 0 < 2 m 1 − M 1 = min m 1 , 2 m 1 − M 1 ≦≦ L ′ x 1 , L ′ x 3 ≦ max M 1 , 2 M 1 − m 1 ≦ 2 M 1 − m 1 0 < 2m_(1)-M_(1)=min(m_(1),2m_(1)-M_(1))≦≦|L^(')(x_(1))|,|L^(')(x_(3))| <= max(M_(1),2M_(1)-m_(1)) <= 2M_(1)-m_(1)0<2 m_{1}-M_{1}=\min \left(m_{1}, 2 m_{1}-M_{1}\right) \leqq \leqq\left|L^{\prime}\left(x_{1}\right)\right|,\left|L^{\prime}\left(x_{3}\right)\right| \leqq \max \left(M_{1}, 2 M_{1}-m_{1}\right) \leqq 2 M_{1}-m_{1}0<2m1−M1=min(m1,2m1−M1)≦≦|L′(x1)|,|L′(x3)|≦max(M1,2M1−m1)≦2M1−m1 et la formule.
(7) nous donne la delimitation
m 3 2 M 1 − m 1 | z − x 1 | | z − x 2 | | z − x 3 | ≦ | z − y ′ | ≦ ≦ M 3 2 m 1 − M 1 | z − x 1 | | z − x 2 | | z − x 3 | m 3 2 M 1 − m 1 z − x 1 z − x 2 z − x 3 ≦ z − y ′ ≦ ≦ M 3 2 m 1 − M 1 z − x 1 z − x 2 z − x 3 {:[(m_(3))/(2M_(1)-m_(1))|z-x_(1)||z-x_(2)||z-x_(3)| <= |z-y^(')| <= ],[ <= (M_(3))/(2m_(1)-M_(1))|z-x_(1)||z-x_(2)||z-x_(3)|]:}\begin{gathered} \frac{m_{3}}{2 M_{1}-m_{1}}\left|z-x_{1}\right|\left|z-x_{2}\right|\left|z-x_{3}\right| \leqq\left|z-y^{\prime}\right| \leqq \\ \leqq \frac{M_{3}}{2 m_{1}-M_{1}}\left|z-x_{1}\right|\left|z-x_{2}\right|\left|z-x_{3}\right| \end{gathered}m32M1−m1|z−x1||z−x2||z−x3|≦|z−y′|≦≦M32m1−M1|z−x1||z−x2||z−x3|
Reçu le 3 mai 1967

Institut de CalculAcadémie de la République Socialistede Roumanie, Filiale de Cluj

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

  1. Ostrowski, A. M., Solution of Equations and Systems of Equations, 1966.
1968

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