Les polynomes de S.N. Bernstein et le problème de l’interpolation

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Traduction en anglais du titre

S.N. Bernstein’s Polynomials and the Interpolation Problem

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T. Popoviciu
Institutul de Calcul

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T. Popoviciu, Les polynomes de S.N. Bernstein et le problème de l’interpolation. Congresul internațional al matematicienilor, Amsterdam, 1954.

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LES POLYNOMES DE S. N. BERNSTEIN ET LE PROBLÈME DE L'INTERPOLATION 1954

Tiberiu Popoviciu

  1. Les problèmes d'interpolation les plus simples reviennent à substituer à la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x), définie dans l'intervalle fermé [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b], la fonction
(1) F ( x ; f ) = ∑ i = 0 n φ i ( x ) f ( x i ) (1) F ( x ; f ) = ∑ i = 0 n   φ i ( x ) f x i {:(1)F(x;f)=sum_(i=0)^(n)varphi_(i)(x)f(x_(i)):}\begin{equation*} F(x ; f)=\sum_{i=0}^{n} \varphi_{i}(x) f\left(x_{i}\right) \tag{1} \end{equation*}(1)F(x;f)=∑i=0nφi(x)f(xi)
où les points (les noeuds) distincts x i ∈ [ a , b ] x i ∈ [ a , b ] x_(i)in[a,b]x_{i} \in[a, b]xi∈[a,b] et les fonctions φ i ( x ) φ i ( x ) varphi_(i)(x)\varphi_{i}(x)φi(x), définies dans [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] sont indépendants de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x).
On peut poser le problème de la détermination et de l'étude des procédés (1), qui non seulement restent non-négatifs pour tout f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x), non-négatif, mais qui en outre conservent aussi certaines propriétés relatives à l'allure de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x). Par ex., qui conservent la monotonie, la convexité, etc., de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x).
2. Si la fonction (1), non seulement reste non-négative pour tout f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) non-négatif, dans tout l'intervalle [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b], mais conserve dans [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] aussi toute propriété de convexité de tout ordre de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x), les φ i ( x ) φ i ( x ) varphi_(i)(x)\varphi_{i}(x)φi(x) sont des polynomes du degré ≦ n ≦ n <= n\leqq n≦n et, plus exactement, F ( x ; f ) F ( x ; f ) F(x;f)F(x ; f)F(x;f) est un polynome du degré ≦ k ≦ k <= k\leqq k≦k pour tout polynome f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) du degré k k kkk, pour k = 0 , 1 , … k = 0 , 1 , … k=0,1,dotsk=0,1, \ldotsk=0,1,…. En outre il faut et il suffit que les inégalités
∑ i = 0 n ( | x i − λ | + x i − λ ) s φ i ( s + 1 ) ( x ) ≧ 0 , pour x ∈ [ a , b ] , s = 0 , 1 , … ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; x i − λ + x i − λ s φ i ( s + 1 ) ( x ) ≧ 0 ,  pour  x ∈ [ a , b ] , s = 0 , 1 , … sum_(i=0)^(n)(|x_(i)-lambda|+x_(i)-lambda)^(s)varphi_(i)^((s+1))(x) >= 0," pour "x in[a,b],s=0,1,dots\sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(\left|x_{i}-\lambda\right|+x_{i}-\lambda\right)^{s} \varphi_{i}^{(s+1)}(x) \geqq 0, \text { pour } x \in[a, b], s=0,1, \ldots∑i=0n(|xi−λ|+xi−λ)sφi(s+1)(x)≧0, pour x∈[a,b],s=0,1,…
soient vérifiées [3].
Remarquons encore que si { F n ( x ; f ) } F n ( x ; f ) {F_(n)(x;f)}\left\{F_{n}(x ; f)\right\}{Fn(x;f)} est une suite infinie de fonctions de la forme (1), qui jouissent de la propriété de conservation de l'allure précisée plus haut, et si cette suite tend dans [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] vers f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x), pour f ( x ) = 1 , x , x 2 f ( x ) = 1 , x , x 2 f(x)=1,x,x^(2)f(x)=1, x, x^{2}f(x)=1,x,x2, alors la suite converge absolument et uniformément vers f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) dans [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b], lorsque f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est continue dans cet intervalle.
3. Lé procédé le plus simple de la forme (I) est constitué par les polynomes de S. N. Bernstein [1]
(2) B n ( x ; f ) = ∑ i = 0 n ( n i ) + ( i n ) x i ( 1 − x ) n − i ( [ a , b ] = [ 0 , 1 ] ) (2) B n ( x ; f ) = ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; ( n i ) + i n x i ( 1 − x ) n − i ( [ a , b ] = [ 0 , 1 ] ) {:(2)B_(n)(x;f)=sum_(i=0)^(n)((n)/(i))+((i)/(n))x^(i)(1-x)^(n-i)quad([a","b]=[0","1]):}\begin{equation*} B_{n}(x ; f)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\binom{n}{i}+\left(\frac{i}{n}\right) x^{i}(1-x)^{n-i} \quad([a, b]=[0,1]) \tag{2} \end{equation*}(2)Bn(x;f)=∑i=0n(ni)+(in)xi(1−x)n−i([a,b]=[0,1])
J'ai démontré autrefois [2], que ces polynomes conservent toute propriété de convexité de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x). Mais il y a des propriétés plus complètes. La formule qui donne la dérivée du polynome (2),
B n ′ ( x ; f ) = n ∑ i = 0 n − 1 Δ 1 n f ( i n ) ( n − 1 i ) x i ( 1 − x ) n − 1 − i B n ′ ( x ; f ) = n ∑ i = 0 n − 1 &hairsp; Δ 1 n f i n ( n − 1 i ) x i ( 1 − x ) n − 1 − i B_(n)^(')(x;f)=nsum_(i=0)^(n-1)Delta_((1)/(n))f((i)/(n))((n-1)/(i))x^(i)(1-x)^(n-1-i)B_{n}^{\prime}(x ; f)=n \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \Delta_{\frac{1}{n}} f\left(\frac{i}{n}\right)\binom{n-1}{i} x^{i}(1-x)^{n-1-i}Bn′(x;f)=n∑i=0n−1Δ1nf(in)(n−1i)xi(1−x)n−1−i
nous montre que si f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est formé par m m mmm morceaux monotones (est monotone par segments), le polynome (2) jouit de la même propriété. En général, s s sss étant un nombre naturel ou 0 , la dérivée d'ordre s + 1 s + 1 s+1s+1s+1,
B n ( s + 1 ) ( x ; f ) = n ( n − 1 ) … ( n − s ) ∑ i = 0 n − s − 1 Δ n 1 s + 1 f ( i n ) ( n − s − 1 i ) x i ( 1 − x ) n − s − 1 − i B n ( s + 1 ) ( x ; f ) = n ( n − 1 ) … ( n − s ) ∑ i = 0 n − s − 1 &hairsp; Δ n 1 s + 1 f i n ( n − s − 1 i ) x i ( 1 − x ) n − s − 1 − i B_(n)^((s+1))(x;f)=n(n-1)dots(n-s)sum_(i=0)^(n-s-1)Delta_((n)/(1))^(s+1)f((i)/(n))((n-s-1)/(i))x^(i)(1-x)^(n-s-1-i)B_{n}^{(s+1)}(x ; f)=n(n-1) \ldots(n-s) \sum_{i=0}^{n-s-1} \Delta_{\frac{n}{1}}^{s+1} f\left(\frac{i}{n}\right)\binom{n-s-1}{i} x^{i}(1-x)^{n-s-1-i}Bn(s+1)(x;f)=n(n−1)…(n−s)∑i=0n−s−1Δn1s+1f(in)(n−s−1i)xi(1−x)n−s−1−i
nous mon'tre que si f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est formé par m m mmm morceaux de fonctions non-concaves ou non-convexes d'ordre s s sss, le polynome (2) est formé par au plus ( m − 1 ) ( s + 2 ) ( m − 1 ) ( s + 2 ) (m-1)(s+2)(m-1)(s+2)(m−1)(s+2) +1 morceaux analogues.
A l'aide des propriétés des fonctions d'ordre n n nnn par segments [3] ón peut encore compléter ces propriétés.
4. Les procédés d'interpolation qui conservent les propriétés de convexité et, en général certaines allures de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x), ont aussi un intérêt pratique. Il est important que dans la représentation graphique d'une fonction provenant d'un problème pratique, les points discrets, obtenus par observations, puissent servir à représenter approximativement la variation du phénomène étudié par une courbe ayant une allure théoriquèment prévue.

Bibliographie

[1] S. N. Bernstein, Comm. Charkow, (2) :13, 1-2 (1912) ou Sobranie Socinenie, I, 105.
[2] T. Popoviciu, Mathematica, 10, 45-53 (1934). 419-54
[3] T. Popoviciu, Bull. Acad. Roumaine, XXIV, 409-416 (1942).
Filiala Academiei R.P.R., Str. Pavlov 27 Cluj., R.P.R. (Roumanie).
1954

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