Remarques sur les polynômes binomiaux

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Remarks on the binomial polynomials

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T. Popoviciu, Remarques sur les polynômes binomiaux, Mathematica, 6 (1932), pp. 8-10 (in French).

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Mathematica

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Publié par les Éditions de l’Académie roumaine

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REMARQUES SUR LES POLYNOMES BINOMIAUX

par

T. Popoviciu

Ancien élève de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure.
Reçue le 28 Avril 1981.
Nous disons que la suite de polynomes en x x xxx
(1)
P 0 , P 1 , … P n , … P 0 , P 1 , … P n , … P_(0),P_(1),dotsP_(n),dots\mathrm{P}_{0}, \mathrm{P}_{1}, \ldots \mathrm{P}_{n}, \ldotsP0,P1,…Pn,…
le degré de chacun étant égal à l'indice corespondant, est une suite binomiale si elle vérifie les équations
(2) P n ( x + y ) = ∑ i = 0 n P i ( x ) P n − i ( y ) (2) P n ( x + y ) = ∑ i = 0 n   P i ( x ) P n − i ( y ) {:(2)P_(n)(x+y)=sum_(i=0)^(n)P_(i)(x)P_(n-i)(y):}\begin{equation*} P_{n}(x+y)=\sum_{i=0}^{n} P_{i}(x) P_{n-i}(y) \tag{2} \end{equation*}(2)Pn(x+y)=∑i=0nPi(x)Pn−i(y)
pour n = 0 , 1 , 2 , … n = 0 , 1 , 2 , … n=0,1,2,dotsn=0,1,2, \ldotsn=0,1,2,… et identiquement en x x xxx et y y yyy. On a alors
P 0 = 1 , P n ( 0 ) = 0 , n = 1 , 2 , … P 0 = 1 , P n ( 0 ) = 0 , n = 1 , 2 , … P_(0)=1,quadP_(n)(0)=0,quad n=1,2,dotsP_{0}=1, \quad P_{n}(0)=0, \quad n=1,2, \ldotsP0=1,Pn(0)=0,n=1,2,…
On obtient les suites binomiales par le dévelopement formel suivant
(3) ( 1 + a 1 z + a 2 z 2 + ⋯ ) x = e x ( c 1 z + c 2 z 2 + ⋯ ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ P n ( x ) z π (3) 1 + a 1 z + a 2 z 2 + ⋯ x = e x c 1 z + c 2 z 2 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞   P n ( x ) z π {:(3)(1+a_(1)z+a_(2)z^(2)+cdots)^(x)=e^(x(c_(1)z+c_(2)z^(2)+cdots))=sum_(n=0)^(oo)P_(n)(x)z^(pi):}\begin{equation*} \left(1+a_{1} z+a_{2} z^{2}+\cdots\right)^{x}=e^{x\left(c_{1} z+c_{2} z^{2}+\cdots\right)}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} P_{n}(x) z^{\pi} \tag{3} \end{equation*}(3)(1+a1z+a2z2+⋯)x=ex(c1z+c2z2+⋯)=∑n=0∞Pn(x)zπ
Il est facile de trouver les coefficients c n c n c_(n)c_{n}cn en fonctions des a n a n a_(n)a_{n}an et réciproquement.
  1. Si
c n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … c n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … c_(n) >= 0,quad n=1,2,3,dotsc_{n} \geq 0, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldotscn≥0,n=1,2,3,…
on a également
et si
a n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … a n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … a_(n) >= 0,quad n=1,2,3,dotsa_{n} \geq 0, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldotsan≥0,n=1,2,3,…
on a aussi
c n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … a 1 > 0 a n > 0 , n = 2 , 3 , … c n ≥ 0 ,      n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … a 1 > 0 a n > 0 ,      n = 2 , 3 , … {:[c_(n) >= 0",",n=1","2","3","dotsa_(1) > 0],[a_(n) > 0",",n=2","3","dots]:}\begin{array}{ll} c_{n} \geq 0, & n=1,2,3, \ldots a_{1}>0 \\ a_{n}>0, & n=2,3, \ldots \end{array}cn≥0,n=1,2,3,…a1>0an>0,n=2,3,…
Nous trouvons facilement que
a étant un nombre positif pour q'uon ait
P n ( x ) ≥ 0 P n ( x ) ≥ 0 P_(n)(x) >= 0P_{n}(x) \geq 0Pn(x)≥0
n = 0 , 1.9 , … n = 0 , 1.9 , … n=0,1.9,dotsn=0,1.9, \ldotsn=0,1.9,…
dans l'intervalle ( 0, a) il faut et il suffit que
(5) c n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , … (5) c n ≥ 0 , n = 1 , 2 , … {:(5)c_(n) >= 0","quad n=1","2","dots:}\begin{equation*} c_{n} \geq 0, \quad n=1,2, \ldots \tag{5} \end{equation*}(5)cn≥0,n=1,2,…
Il résulte d'ailleurs de (2) que les inégalités (4) sont vérifiées dans tout l'intervalle ( 0 , ∞ ) ( 0 , ∞ ) (0,oo)(0, \infty)(0,∞).
Soit f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) une fonction uniforme et continue dans l'intervalle Cermé ( 0 , 1 ) ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1)(0,1)(0,1).
Les inégalités (5) étant vérifiées et en supposant que a 1 > 0 a 1 > 0 a_(1) > 0a_{1}>0a1>0 pour que le polynome
μ n = ∑ ν = 0 n f ( ν n ) P ν ( x ) P n − ν ( 1 − x ) a n μ n = ∑ ν = 0 n   f ν n P ν ( x ) P n − ν ( 1 − x ) a n mu_(n)=(sum_(nu=0)^(n)f((nu )/(n))P_(nu)(x)P_(n-nu)(1-x))/(a_(n))\mu_{n}=\frac{\sum_{\nu=0}^{n} f\left(\frac{\nu}{n}\right) P_{\nu}(x) P_{n-\nu}(1-x)}{a_{n}}μn=∑ν=0nf(νn)Pν(x)Pn−ν(1−x)an
converge uniformément vers f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) dans tout l'intervalle ( 0 , 1 ) ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1)(0,1)(0,1) il faut et il sutfit que :
(6) lim n → ∞ ∑ ν = 0 n v k P ν ( x ) P n − ν ( 1 − x ) n k a n = x k (6) lim n → ∞   ∑ ν = 0 n   v k P ν ( x ) P n − ν ( 1 − x ) n k a n = x k {:(6)lim_(n rarr oo)(sum_(nu=0)^(n)v^(k)P_(nu)(x)P_(n-nu)(1-x))/(n^(k)a_(n))=x_(k):}\begin{equation*} \lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\sum_{\nu=0}^{n} v^{k} P_{\nu}(x) P_{n-\nu}(1-x)}{n^{k} a_{n}}=x_{k} \tag{6} \end{equation*}(6)limn→∞∑ν=0nvkPν(x)Pn−ν(1−x)nkan=xk
quel que soit l'entier positif k k kkk.
2. Considérons en particulier les polynomes (1) provenant du développement
e x z 1 − z = Σ L n ′ ( x ) ⋅ z n e x z 1 − z = Σ L n ′ ( x ) ⋅ z n e^((xz)/(1-z))=SigmaL_(n)^(')(x)*z^(n)e^{\frac{x z}{1-z}}=\Sigma L_{n}^{\prime}(x) \cdot z^{n}exz1−z=ΣLn′(x)⋅zn
Si L ∗ n ( x ) L ∗ n ( x ) L^(**)_(n)(x)L^{*}{ }_{n}(x)L∗n(x) est le polynome de Laguerre de degré n n nnn on a
L n ( x ) = L n ∗ ( − x ) − L n − 1 ∗ ( − x ) L n ( x ) = L n ∗ ( − x ) − L n − 1 ∗ ( − x ) L_(n)(x)=L_(n)^(**)(-x)-L_(n-1)^(**)(-x)\mathrm{L}_{n}(x)=\mathrm{L}_{n}^{*}(-x)-\mathrm{L}_{n-1}^{*}(-x)Ln(x)=Ln∗(−x)−Ln−1∗(−x)
On obtient facilement
L n ( x ) = e − x x n ! ⋅ d n d x n x n − 1 e x = ∑ ν = 1 n ( n − 1 v − 1 ) x ν v ! L n ( x ) = e − x x n ! ⋅ d n d x n x n − 1 e x = ∑ ν = 1 n   ( n − 1 v − 1 ) x ν v ! L_(n)(x)=(e^(-x)x)/(n!)*(d^(n))/(dx^(n))x^(n-1)e^(x)=sum_(nu=1)^(n)((n-1)/(v-1))(x^(nu))/(v!)L_{n}(x)=\frac{e^{-x} x}{n!} \cdot \frac{d^{n}}{d x^{n}} x^{n-1} e^{x}=\sum_{\nu=1}^{n}\binom{n-1}{v-1} \frac{x^{\nu}}{v!}Ln(x)=e−xxn!⋅dndxnxn−1ex=∑ν=1n(n−1v−1)xνv!
Reprenons maintenant le cas général et supposons que la série
∑ n = 1 ∞ c n z n ∑ n = 1 ∞   c n z n sum_(n=1)^(oo)c_(n)z^(n)\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_{n} z^{n}∑n=1∞cnzn
converge à l'intérieur d'un cercle de rayon r ′ r ′ r^(')r^{\prime}r′ et de centre origine et prenons r < r ′ r < r ′ r < r^(')r<r^{\prime}r<r′. D'après un théorème de Cauchy il existe un nombre
M tel que
| c n | < M r n n = 1 , 2 , … c n < M r n n = 1 , 2 , … |c_(n)| < (M)/(r^(n))quad n=1,2,dots\left|c_{n}\right|<\frac{M}{r^{n}} \quad n=1,2, \ldots|cn|<Mrnn=1,2,…
et
∑ n = 1 ∞ c n z n ≤ ∑ n = 1 ∞ M z n r n = M z r 1 − z r ( | z | < r ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ &hairsp; c n z n ≤ ∑ n = 1 ∞ &hairsp; M z n r n = M z r 1 − z r ( | z | < r ) sum_(n=1)^(oo)c_(n)z^(n) <= sum_(n=1)^(oo)(Mz^(n))/(r^(n))=(M(z)/(r))/(1-(z)/(r))quad(|z| < r)\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} c_{n} z^{n} \leq \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\mathrm{M} z^{n}}{r^{n}}=\frac{\mathrm{M} \frac{z}{r}}{1-\frac{z}{r}} \quad(|z|<r)∑n=1∞cnzn≤∑n=1∞Mznrn=Mzr1−zr(|z|<r)
On en déduit que pour x ≥ 0 x ≥ 0 x >= 0x \geq 0x≥0
| P n ( x ) | < 1 r n L n ( M x ) P n ( x ) < 1 r n L n ( M x ) |P_(n)(x)| < (1)/(r^(n))L_(n)(Mx)\left|\mathrm{P}_{n}(x)\right|<\frac{1}{r^{n}} \mathrm{~L}_{n}(\mathrm{M} x)|Pn(x)|<1rn Ln(Mx)
On démontre sans difficulté que si x > 0 x > 0 x > 0x>0x>0
L 2 ( x ) L 1 ( x ) > L 3 ( x ) L 2 ( x ) > ⋯ > L n ( x ) L n − 1 ( x ) > ⋯ L 2 ( x ) L 1 ( x ) > L 3 ( x ) L 2 ( x ) > ⋯ > L n ( x ) L n − 1 ( x ) > ⋯ (L_(2)(x))/(L_(1)(x)) > (L_(3)(x))/(L_(2)(x)) > cdots > (L_(n)(x))/(L_(n-1)(x)) > cdots\frac{L_{2}(x)}{L_{1}(x)}>\frac{L_{3}(x)}{L_{2}(x)}>\cdots>\frac{L_{n}(x)}{L_{n-1}(x)}>\cdotsL2(x)L1(x)>L3(x)L2(x)>⋯>Ln(x)Ln−1(x)>⋯
le rapport L n L n − 1 L n L n − 1 (L_(n))/(L_(n-1))\frac{L_{n}}{L_{n-1}}LnLn−1 a donc une limite finie. La relation de récurrence
x L n = ( n + 1 ) L n + 1 − 2 n L n + ( n − 1 ) L n − 1 x L n = ( n + 1 ) L n + 1 − 2 n L n + ( n − 1 ) L n − 1 xL_(n)=(n+1)L_(n+1)-2nL_(n)+(n-1)L_(n-1)x L_{n}=(n+1) L_{n+1}-2 n L_{n}+(n-1) L_{n-1}xLn=(n+1)Ln+1−2nLn+(n−1)Ln−1
nous montre alors que
lim n → ∞ L n L n − 1 = 1 x > 0 lim n → ∞ &hairsp; L n L n − 1 = 1 x > 0 lim_(n rarr oo)(L_(n))/(L_(n-1))=1quad x > 0\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{L_{n}}{L_{n-1}}=1 \quad x>0limn→∞LnLn−1=1x>0
On en déduit
lim ― n → ∞ ⁡ | P n ( x ) | n ≤ 1 r . lim ¯ n → ∞ ⁡ P n ( x ) n ≤ 1 r . bar(lim)_(n rarr oo)root(n)(|P_(n)(x)|) <= (1)/(r).\varlimsup_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{\left|\mathrm{P}_{n}(x)\right|} \leq \frac{1}{r} .lim―n→∞⁡|Pn(x)|n≤1r.
Considérons maintenant une suite de nombres
λ 0 , λ 1 , … λ n , … λ 0 , λ 1 , … λ n , … lambda_(0),lambda_(1),dotslambda_(n),dots\lambda_{0}, \lambda_{1}, \ldots \lambda_{n}, \ldotsλ0,λ1,…λn,…
ot
lim ― n → ∞ ⁡ | λ n | n = λ lim ¯ n → ∞ ⁡ λ n n = λ bar(lim)_(n rarr oo)root(n)(|lambda_(n)|)=lambda\varlimsup_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{\left|\lambda_{n}\right|}=\lambdalim―n→∞⁡|λn|n=λ
Il en résulte que la série
λ 0 P 0 ( x ) + λ 1 P 1 ( x ) + ⋯ + λ n P n ( x ) + ⋯ λ 0 P 0 ( x ) + λ 1 P 1 ( x ) + ⋯ + λ n P n ( x ) + ⋯ lambda_(0)P_(0)(x)+lambda_(1)P_(1)(x)+cdots+lambda_(n)P_(n)(x)+cdots\lambda_{0} \mathrm{P}_{0}(x)+\lambda_{1} \mathrm{P}_{1}(x)+\cdots+\lambda_{n} \mathrm{P}_{n}(x)+\cdotsλ0P0(x)+λ1P1(x)+⋯+λnPn(x)+⋯
converge absolument quels que soient λ < r ′ λ < r ′ lambda < r^(')\lambda<r^{\prime}λ<r′ et x ≥ 0 x ≥ 0 x >= 0x \geq 0x≥0.
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