Sur la formule des accroissements finis

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Traduction en anglais du titre

On the finite increments formula

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Pour citer ce travail

T. Popoviciu, Sur la formule des accroissements finis, Mathematica, 23 (1947-1948), pp. 123-126 (in French).

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Mathematica

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MATHEMATICA

VOLUMUL XXIII1947-1948

PAGINILE 123-126

TIBERIU POPOVICIU:

SUR LA FORMULE DES ACCROISSEMENTS FINIS

SUR LA FORMULE DES ACCROISSEMENTS FINIS

PAR

TIBERIU POPOVICIU

Reçu le 27 Avril 1948

    • Soit f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) une fonction continue dans l'intervalle borné et fermé [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b]. Nous désignerons par X le point d'abscisse x x xxx de l'axe réelle et par X ′ X ′ X^(')X^{\prime}X′ le point de coordonnées ( x , f ( x ) ) ( x , f ( x ) ) (x,f(x))(x, f(x))(x,f(x)). En particulier A , A ′ , B , B ′ A , A ′ , B , B ′ A,A^('),B,B^(')A, A^{\prime}, B, B^{\prime}A,A′,B,B′ sont les points ( a , 0 ) , ( a , f ( a ) , ( b , 0 ) , ( b , f ( b ) ) ( a , 0 ) , ( a , f ( a ) , ( b , 0 ) , ( b , f ( b ) ) (a,0),(a,f(a),(b,0),(b,f(b))(a, 0),(a, f(a),(b, 0),(b, f(b))(a,0),(a,f(a),(b,0),(b,f(b)). Nous désignerons aussi par
[ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] = f ( x 2 ) − f ( x 1 ) x 2 − x 1 x 1 , x 2 ; f = f x 2 − f x 1 x 2 − x 1 [x_(1),x_(2);f]=(f(x_(2))-f(x_(1)))/(x_(2)-x_(1))\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right]=\frac{f\left(x_{2}\right)-f\left(x_{1}\right)}{x_{2}-x_{1}}[x1,x2;f]=f(x2)−f(x1)x2−x1
la différence divisée de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) sur les points x 1 , x 2 x 1 , x 2 x_(1),x_(2)x_{1}, x_{2}x1,x2 et par
[ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ; f ] = [ x 2 , x 3 ; f ] − [ x 1 , x 2 ; f ] x 3 − x 1 x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ; f = x 2 , x 3 ; f − x 1 , x 2 ; f x 3 − x 1 [x_(1),x_(2),x_(3);f]=([x_(2),x_(3);f]-[x_(1),x_(2);f])/(x_(3)-x_(1))\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{3} ; f\right]=\frac{\left[x_{2}, x_{3} ; f\right]-\left[x_{1}, x_{2} ; f\right]}{x_{3}-x_{1}}[x1,x2,x3;f]=[x2,x3;f]−[x1,x2;f]x3−x1
la différence divisée de cette même fonction sur les points x 1 , x 2 , x 8 x 1 , x 2 , x 8 x_(1),x_(2),x_(8)x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{8}x1,x2,x8.
L'aire du trapèze X X ′ Y ′ Y ( x ≦ y ) X X ′ Y ′ Y ( x ≦ y ) XX^(')Y^(')Y(x <= y)\mathrm{X} \mathrm{X}^{\prime} \mathrm{Y}^{\prime} \mathrm{Y}(x \leqq y)XX′Y′Y(x≦y) est alors, par définiton, égale à
φ ( x , y ) = 1 2 [ f ( x ) + f ( y ) ] ( y − x ) φ ( x , y ) = 1 2 [ f ( x ) + f ( y ) ] ( y − x ) varphi(x,y)=(1)/(2)[f(x)+f(y)](y-x)\varphi(x, y)=\frac{1}{2}[f(x)+f(y)](y-x)φ(x,y)=12[f(x)+f(y)](y−x)
La formule des accroissements finis résulte de la remarque que l'un au moins des extrema (maximum ou minimum) absolus de la somme des aires des trapèzes A A ′ X ′ X , X X ′ B ′ B A A ′ X ′ X , X X ′ B ′ B AA^(')X^(')X,XX^(')B^(')BA A^{\prime} X^{\prime} X, X X^{\prime} B^{\prime} BAA′X′X,XX′B′B est nécessairement atteint en au moins un point de l'intervalle ouvert ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b). En effet, cette somme est égale à
F 1 ( x ) = 1 2 [ f ( a ) + f ( x ) ] ( x − a ) + 1 2 [ f ( x ) + f ( b ) ] ( b − x ) F 1 ( x ) = 1 2 [ f ( a ) + f ( x ) ] ( x − a ) + 1 2 [ f ( x ) + f ( b ) ] ( b − x ) F_(1)(x)=(1)/(2)[f(a)+f(x)](x-a)+(1)/(2)[f(x)+f(b)](b-x)\mathrm{F}_{1}(x)=\frac{1}{2}[f(a)+f(x)](x-a)+\frac{1}{2}[f(x)+f(b)](b-x)F1(x)=12[f(a)+f(x)](x−a)+12[f(x)+f(b)](b−x)
et F 1 ( x ) F 1 ( x ) F_(1)(x)\mathrm{F}_{1}(x)F1(x) est une fonction continue de x x xxx dans [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b], prenant la même valeur (1)
F 0 = φ ( a , b ) F 0 = φ ( a , b ) F_(0)=varphi(a,b)\mathrm{F}_{0}=\varphi(a, b)F0=φ(a,b)
aux extrémités a , b a , b a,ba, ba,b de cet intervalle. Si la dérivée f ′ ( x ) f ′ ( x ) f^(')(x)f^{\prime}(x)f′(x) existe dans l'intervalle ouvert ( a , b a , b a,ba, ba,b ), on en conclut l'existence d'au moins un x ∈ ( a , b ) x ∈ ( a , b ) x in(a,b)x \in(a, b)x∈(a,b) tel que l'on ait F 1 ′ ( x ) = 0 F 1 ′ ( x ) = 0 F_(1)^(')(x)=0F_{1}^{\prime}(x)=0F1′(x)=0, donc
f ′ ( x ) = [ a , b ; f ] = f ( b ) − f ( a ) b − a f ′ ( x ) = [ a , b ; f ] = f ( b ) − f ( a ) b − a f^(')(x)=[a,b;f]=(f(b)-f(a))/(b-a)f^{\prime}(x)=[a, b ; f]=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}f′(x)=[a,b;f]=f(b)−f(a)b−a
    • Considérons n n nnn points x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn dans l'intervalle [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] et supposons toujours que a ≦ x 1 ≦ x 2 ≦ ⋯ ≦ x n ≦ b a ≦ x 1 ≦ x 2 ≦ ⋯ ≦ x n ≦ b a <= x_(1) <= x_(2) <= cdots <= x_(n) <= ba \leqq x_{1} \leqq x_{2} \leqq \cdots \leqq x_{n} \leqq ba≦x1≦x2≦⋯≦xn≦b. La somme des aires des trapèzes A A ′ X 1 ′ X 1 , X 1 X 1 ′ X 2 ′ X 2 , … , X n − 1 X n − 1 ′ X n ′ X n , X n X n ′ B ′ B A A ′ X 1 ′ X 1 , X 1 X 1 ′ X 2 ′ X 2 , … , X n − 1 X n − 1 ′ X n ′ X n , X n X n ′ B ′ B AA^(')X_(1)^(')X_(1),X_(1)X_(1)^(')X_(2)^(')X_(2),dots,X_(n-1)X_(n-1)^(')X_(n)^(')X_(n),X_(n)X_(n)^(')B^(')BA A^{\prime} X_{1}^{\prime} X_{1}, X_{1} X_{1}^{\prime} X_{2}^{\prime} X_{2}, \ldots, X_{n-1} X_{n-1}^{\prime} X_{n}^{\prime} X_{n}, X_{n} X_{n}^{\prime} B^{\prime} BAA′X1′X1,X1X1′X2′X2,…,Xn−1Xn−1′Xn′Xn,XnXn′B′B est égale à
(2) F n ( M ) = F n ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = = 1 2 ∑ i = 0 n [ f ( x i ) + f ( x i + 1 ) ] ( x i + 1 − x i ) = ∑ i = 0 n φ ( x i , x i + 1 ) (2) F n ( M ) = F n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n = = 1 2 ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; f x i + f x i + 1 x i + 1 − x i = ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; φ x i , x i + 1 {:[(2)F_(n)(M)=F_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))=],[=(1)/(2)sum_(i=0)^(n)[f(x_(i))+f(x_(i+1))](x_(i+1)-x_(i))=sum_(i=0)^(n)varphi(x_(i),x_(i+1))]:}\begin{align*} \mathrm{F}_{n}(\mathrm{M}) & =\mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)= \tag{2}\\ & =\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=0}^{n}\left[f\left(x_{i}\right)+f\left(x_{i+1}\right)\right]\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}\right)=\sum_{i=0}^{n} \varphi\left(x_{i}, x_{i+1}\right) \end{align*}(2)Fn(M)=Fn(x1,x2,…,xn)==12∑i=0n[f(xi)+f(xi+1)](xi+1−xi)=∑i=0nφ(xi,xi+1)
en posant x 0 = a , x n + 1 = b x 0 = a , x n + 1 = b x_(0)=a,x_(n+1)=bx_{0}=a, x_{n+1}=bx0=a,xn+1=b et en désignant par M le point de coordonnées ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) x 1 , x 2 , … , x n (x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)(x1,x2,…,xn) dans l'espace ordinaire à n n nnn dimensions. F n ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) F n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n F_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))\mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)Fn(x1,x2,…,xn) est alors une fonction continue de x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn dans un domaine borné et fermé D D DDD. Ce domaine D D DDD est formé par un simplexe M 0 M 1 … M n M 0 M 1 … M n M_(0)M_(1)dotsM_(n)M_{0} M_{1} \ldots M_{n}M0M1…Mn dont les sommets sont les points
M i ( a , a , … , a ⏟ i , b , b , … , b ⏟ n − i ) , i = 0 , 1 , … , n ( M 0 ( b , b , … , b ) , M n ( a , a , … , a ) ) . M i ( a , a , … , a ⏟ i , b , b , … , b ⏟ n − i ) , i = 0 , 1 , … , n M 0 ( b , b , … , b ) , M n ( a , a , … , a ) . {:[M_(i)ubrace((a,a,dots,aubrace)_(i)","ubrace(b,b,dots,bubrace)_(n-i))","quad i=0","1","dots","n],[(M_(0)(b,b,dots,b),quadM_(n)(a,a,dots,a)).]:}\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{M}_{i} \underbrace{(a, a, \ldots, a}_{i},\underbrace{b, b, \ldots, b}_{n-i}), \quad i=0,1, \ldots, n \\ &\left(\mathrm{M}_{0}(b, b, \ldots, b), \quad \mathrm{M}_{n}(a, a, \ldots, a)\right) . \end{aligned}Mi(a,a,…,a⏟i,b,b,…,b⏟n−i),i=0,1,…,n(M0(b,b,…,b),Mn(a,a,…,a)).
Les points intérieurs M ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) M x 1 , x 2 , … , x n M(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))M\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)M(x1,x2,…,xn) de D D DDD sont alors caractérisés par les inégalités a < x 1 < x 2 < ⋯ < x n < b a < x 1 < x 2 < ⋯ < x n < b a < x_(1) < x_(2) < cdots < x_(n) < ba<x_{1}<x_{2}<\cdots<x_{n}<ba<x1<x2<⋯<xn<b. Le point M appartient à la face D i D i D_(i)D_{i}Di opposée au sommet M i M i M_(i)M_{i}Mi de D D DDD si x i = x i + 1 x i = x i + 1 x_(i)=x_(i+1)x_{i}=x_{i+1}xi=xi+1 et ce point M M MMM est un point intérieur de cette face si a < x 1 < ⋯ < x i = x i + 1 < x i + 2 << ⋯ < x n < b a < x 1 < ⋯ < x i = x i + 1 < x i + 2 << ⋯ < x n < b a < x_(1) < cdots < x_(i)=x_(i+1) < x_(i+2)<<cdots < x_(n) < ba<x_{1}<\cdots<x_{i}=x_{i+1}<x_{i+2}< <\cdots<x_{n}<ba<x1<⋯<xi=xi+1<xi+2<<⋯<xn<b.
De la formule (2) il résulte immédiatement que si M ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) M x 1 , x 2 , … , x n M(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))M\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)M(x1,x2,…,xn) est sur la face D i D i D_(i)D_{i}Di on a
F n ( M ) = F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x i , x i + 2 , x i + 3 , … , x n ) F n ( M ) = F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x i , x i + 2 , x i + 3 , … , x n F_(n)(M)=F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(i),x_(i+2),x_(i+3),dots,x_(n))\mathrm{F}_{n}(\mathrm{M})=\mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{i}, x_{i+2}, x_{i+3}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)Fn(M)=Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xi,xi+2,xi+3,…,xn)
En particulier nous avons
(3)
F n ( a , x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) = F n ( x 1 , x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) = = F n ( x 1 , x 2 , x 2 , x 3 , … , x n − 1 ) = … = F ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 2 , x n − 1 , x n − 1 ) = = F n ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 , b ) = F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) , F n a , x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 = F n x 1 , x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 = = F n x 1 , x 2 , x 2 , x 3 , … , x n − 1 = … = F x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 2 , x n − 1 , x n − 1 = = F n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 , b = F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 , {:[F_(n)(a,x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1))=F_(n)(x_(1),x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1))=],[=F_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),x_(2),x_(3),dots,x_(n-1))=dots=F(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-2),x_(n-1),x_(n-1))=],[=F_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1),b)=F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1))","]:}\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{F}_{n}\left(a, x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)=\mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)= \\ = & \mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, x_{2}, x_{3}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)=\ldots=\mathrm{F}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-2}, x_{n-1}, x_{n-1}\right)= \\ = & \mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}, b\right)=\mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right), \end{aligned}Fn(a,x1,x2,…,xn−1)=Fn(x1,x1,x2,…,xn−1)==Fn(x1,x2,x2,x3,…,xn−1)=…=F(x1,x2,…,xn−2,xn−1,xn−1)==Fn(x1,x2,…,xn−1,b)=Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xn−1),
ce qui nous montre que F n ( M ) F n ( M ) F_(n)(M)F_{n}(M)Fn(M) prend les mêmes valeurs sur les faces D i D i D_(i)D_{i}Di ' i = 0 , 1 , … , n i = 0 , 1 , … , n i=0,1,dots,ni=0,1, \ldots, ni=0,1,…,n. L'interprétation géométrique de ce fait est d'ailleurs très simple.
Enfin nous pouvons remarquer aussi que
(4)
F n ( M i ) = F 0 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n , F n M i = F 0 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n , F_(n)(M_(i))=F_(0),quad i=0,1,dots,n,\mathrm{F}_{n}\left(\mathrm{M}_{i}\right)=\mathrm{F}_{0}, \quad i=0,1, \ldots, n,Fn(Mi)=F0,i=0,1,…,n,
F 0 F 0 F_(0)\mathrm{F}_{0}F0 étant défini par (1).
3. - Ceci étant nous pouvons démontrer le
Théorème 1. - Si la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est continue dans l'intervalle fermé [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] et est dérivable dans l'intervalle ouvert ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b), la fonction
F n ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) F n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n F_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))\mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)Fn(x1,x2,…,xn) atteint au moins un de ses extrema absolus en au moins un point intérieur du domaine D .
La fonction F n ( M ) F n ( M ) F_(n)(M)\mathrm{F}_{n}(\mathrm{M})Fn(M) prend la valeur F 0 F 0 F_(0)\mathrm{F}_{0}F0. Si cette fonction se réduit à une constante le théorème est démontré. Dans le cas contraire, et pour fixer les idées, supposons que F n ( M ) F n ( M ) F_(n)(M)F_{n}(M)Fn(M) prenne des valeurs > F 0 > F 0 > F_(0)>F_{0}>F0. Il suffit alors de démontrer que le maximum de F n ( M ) F n ( M ) F_(n)(M)F_{n}(M)Fn(M) est atteint en un point intérieur de D.
Nous pouvons démontrer maintenant le théorème par induction complète sur n n nnn. Supposons que le théorème soit vrai pour la fonction F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1))\mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xn−1). Nous allons démontrer que le maximum de F n ( M ) F n ( M ) F_(n)(M)\mathrm{F}_{n}(\mathrm{M})Fn(M) ne peut être atteint seulement sur les faces D i D i D_(i)D_{i}Di du domaine D D DDD. Dans le cas contraire ce maximum serait atteint en un point interieur de la face D i D i D_(i)D_{i}Di, par suite des égalités (3), (4) et par suite de l'hypothèse que le théorème est vérifié pour la fonction F n − 1 F n − 1 F_(n-1)\mathrm{F}_{n-1}Fn−1. Soit ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x i , x i , x i + 1 , … , x n − 1 ) x 1 , x 2 , … , x i , x i , x i + 1 , … , x n − 1 (x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(i),x_(i),x_(i+1),dots,x_(n-1))\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{i}, x_{i}, x_{i+1}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)(x1,x2,…,xi,xi,xi+1,…,xn−1) un point intérieur de D i D i D_(i)D_{i}Di où le maximum est atteint. Nous avons a < x 1 << x 2 < … < x n − 1 < b a < x 1 << x 2 < … < x n − 1 < b a < x_(1)<<x_(2) < dots < x_(n-1) < ba<x_{1}< <x_{2}<\ldots<x_{n-1}<ba<x1<<x2<…<xn−1<b et du fait qu'à l'intérieur de D F n ( M ) D F n ( M ) DF_(n)(M)\mathrm{D} \mathrm{F}_{n}(\mathrm{M})DFn(M) prend des valeurs plus petites il résulte que
F n ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x i , t , x i + 1 , … , x n − 1 ) < F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) , x i < t < x i + 1 F n x 1 , x 2 , … , x i , t , x i + 1 , … , x n − 1 < F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 , x i < t < x i + 1 F_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(i),t,x_(i+1),dots,x_(n-1)) < F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1)),x_(i) < t < x_(i+1)\mathrm{F}_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{i}, t, x_{i+1}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)<\mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right), x_{i}<t<x_{i+1}Fn(x1,x2,…,xi,t,xi+1,…,xn−1)<Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xn−1),xi<t<xi+1,
i = 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 i = 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 i=0,1,dots,n-1i=0,1, \ldots, n-1i=0,1,…,n−1
ou
φ ( x i , t ) + φ ( t , x i + 1 ) < φ ( x i , x i + 1 ) , x i < t < x i + 1 , i = 0 , 1 , … , 1 − n φ x i , t + φ t , x i + 1 < φ x i , x i + 1 , x i < t < x i + 1 , i = 0 , 1 , … , 1 − n varphi(x_(i),t)+varphi(t,x_(i+1)) < varphi(x_(i),x_(i+1)),x_(i) < t < x_(i+1),quad i=0,1,dots,1-n\varphi\left(x_{i}, t\right)+\varphi\left(t, x_{i+1}\right)<\varphi\left(x_{i}, x_{i+1}\right), x_{i}<t<x_{i+1}, \quad i=0,1, \ldots, 1-nφ(xi,t)+φ(t,xi+1)<φ(xi,xi+1),xi<t<xi+1,i=0,1,…,1−n. Un calcul simple nous donne
x i + 1 ) − φ ( x i , t ) − φ ( t , x i + 1 ) = = 1 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) ( t − x i ) ( x i + 1 − t ) [ x i , t , x i + 1 ; f ] = = 1 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) ( t − x i ) { [ x i , x i + 1 ; f ] − [ x i , t ; f ] } = = 1 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) ( t − x i + 1 ) { [ x i , x i + 1 ; f ] − [ x i + 1 , t ; f ] } x i + 1 − φ x i , t − φ t , x i + 1 = = 1 2 x i + 1 − x i t − x i x i + 1 − t x i , t , x i + 1 ; f = = 1 2 x i + 1 − x i t − x i x i , x i + 1 ; f − x i , t ; f = = 1 2 x i + 1 − x i t − x i + 1 x i , x i + 1 ; f − x i + 1 , t ; f {:[{:x_(i+1))-varphi(x_(i),t)-varphi(t,x_(i+1))=],[=(1)/(2)(x_(i+1)-x_(i))(t-x_(i))(x_(i+1)-t)[x_(i),t,x_(i+1);f]=],[=(1)/(2)(x_(i+1)-x_(i))(t-x_(i)){[x_(i),x_(i+1);f]-[x_(i),t;f]}=],[=(1)/(2)(x_(i+1)-x_(i))(t-x_(i+1)){[x_(i),x_(i+1);f]-[x_(i+1),t;f]}]:}\begin{aligned} & \left.x_{i+1}\right)-\varphi\left(x_{i}, t\right)-\varphi\left(t, x_{i+1}\right)= \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}\right)\left(t-x_{i}\right)\left(x_{i+1}-t\right)\left[x_{i}, t, x_{i+1} ; f\right]= \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}\right)\left(t-x_{i}\right)\left\{\left[x_{i}, x_{i+1} ; f\right]-\left[x_{i}, t ; f\right]\right\}= \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}\right)\left(t-x_{i+1}\right)\left\{\left[x_{i}, x_{i+1} ; f\right]-\left[x_{i+1}, t ; f\right]\right\} \end{aligned}xi+1)−φ(xi,t)−φ(t,xi+1)==12(xi+1−xi)(t−xi)(xi+1−t)[xi,t,xi+1;f]==12(xi+1−xi)(t−xi){[xi,xi+1;f]−[xi,t;f]}==12(xi+1−xi)(t−xi+1){[xi,xi+1;f]−[xi+1,t;f]}
et l'inégalité (5) permet d'écrire
[ x i , t ; f ] < [ x i , x i + 1 ; f ] < [ x i + 1 , t ; f ] , x i < t < x i + 1 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 x i , t ; f < x i , x i + 1 ; f < x i + 1 , t ; f , x i < t < x i + 1 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 [x_(i),t;f] < [x_(i),x_(i+1);f] < [x_(i+1),t;f],quadx_(i) < t < x_(i+1),quad i=0,1,dots,n-1\left[x_{i}, t ; f\right]<\left[x_{i}, x_{i+1} ; f\right]<\left[x_{i+1}, t ; f\right], \quad x_{i}<t<x_{i+1}, \quad i=0,1, \ldots, n-1[xi,t;f]<[xi,xi+1;f]<[xi+1,t;f],xi<t<xi+1,i=0,1,…,n−1.
Faisant tendre t t ttt vers x i x i x_(i)x_{i}xi puis vers x i + 1 x i + 1 x_(i+1)x_{i+1}xi+1, nous en déduisons
d'où
f ′ ( x i ) ≦ [ x i , x i + 1 ; f ] , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 [ x i , x i + 1 ; f ] ≦ f ′ ( x i + 1 ) , i = 0 , 1 , … , n − 2 f ′ x i ≦ x i , x i + 1 ; f ,      i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 x i , x i + 1 ; f ≦ f ′ x i + 1 ,      i = 0 , 1 , … , n − 2 {:[f^(')(x_(i)) <= [x_(i),x_(i+1);f]",",i=1","2","dots","n-1],[[x_(i),x_(i+1);f] <= f^(')(x_(i+1))",",i=0","1","dots","n-2]:}\begin{array}{ll} f^{\prime}\left(x_{i}\right) \leqq\left[x_{i}, x_{i+1} ; f\right], & i=1,2, \ldots, n-1 \\ {\left[x_{i}, x_{i+1} ; f\right] \leqq f^{\prime}\left(x_{i+1}\right),} & i=0,1, \ldots, n-2 \end{array}f′(xi)≦[xi,xi+1;f],i=1,2,…,n−1[xi,xi+1;f]≦f′(xi+1),i=0,1,…,n−2
ou bien
[ a , x 1 ; f ] ≦ [ x 1 , x 2 , ; f ] ≦ [ x 2 , x 3 ; f ] ≦ … ≦ [ x n − 1 , b ; f ] a , x 1 ; f ≦ x 1 , x 2 , ; f ≦ x 2 , x 3 ; f ≦ … ≦ x n − 1 , b ; f [a,x_(1);f] <= [x_(1),x_(2),;f] <= [x_(2),x_(3);f] <= dots <= [x_(n-1),b;f]\left[a, x_{1} ; f\right] \leqq\left[x_{1}, x_{2}, ; f\right] \leqq\left[x_{2}, x_{3} ; f\right] \leqq \ldots \leqq\left[x_{n-1}, b ; f\right][a,x1;f]≦[x1,x2,;f]≦[x2,x3;f]≦…≦[xn−1,b;f]
(7)
[ x i , x i + 1 , x i + 2 ; f ] ≧ 0 , i == 0 , 1 , … , n − 2 . x i , x i + 1 , x i + 2 ; f ≧ 0 , i == 0 , 1 , … , n − 2 . [x_(i),x_(i+1),x_(i+2);f] >= 0,quad i==0,1,dots,n-2.\left[x_{i}, x_{i+1}, x_{i+2} ; f\right] \geqq 0, \quad i==0,1, \ldots, n-2 .[xi,xi+1,xi+2;f]≧0,i==0,1,…,n−2.
La fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est donc non-concave (d'ordre 1 ) sur les points a a aaa, x 1 , … , x n − 1 , b x 1 , … , x n − 1 , b x_(1),dots,x_(n-1),bx_{1}, \ldots, x_{n-1}, bx1,…,xn−1,b. On sait alors qu'on a aussi
(8)
[ a , x i , b ; f ] ≧ 0 , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 a , x i , b ; f ≧ 0 , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 [a,x_(i),b;f] >= 0,quad i=1,2,dots,n-1\left[a, x_{i}, b ; f\right] \geqq 0, \quad i=1,2, \ldots, n-1[a,xi,b;f]≧0,i=1,2,…,n−1
Mais, je dis que ces inégalités sont en contradiction avec
(9) F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) > F 0 (9) F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 > F 0 {:(9)F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1)) > F_(0):}\begin{equation*} \mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)>\mathrm{F}_{0} \tag{9} \end{equation*}(9)Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xn−1)>F0
qui résulte de l'hypothèse faite sur les points x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}x1,x2,…,xn−1. En effet, un calcul simple nous donne
∑ i = 1 n − 1 [ φ ( a , x i ) + φ ¯ ( x i , b ) − φ ( a , b ) ] = ( b − a ) [ F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) − F 0 ] ∑ i = 1 n − 1 &hairsp; φ a , x i + φ ¯ x i , b − φ ( a , b ) = ( b − a ) F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 − F 0 sum_(i=1)^(n-1)[varphi(a,x_(i))+( bar(varphi))(x_(i),b)-varphi(a,b)]=(b-a)[F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1))-F_(0)]\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[\varphi\left(a, x_{i}\right)+\bar{\varphi}\left(x_{i}, b\right)-\varphi(a, b)\right]=(b-a)\left[\mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)-\mathrm{F}_{0}\right]∑i=1n−1[φ(a,xi)+φ¯(xi,b)−φ(a,b)]=(b−a)[Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xn−1)−F0]
et, compte tenant de (6),
− 1 2 ∑ i = 1 n − 1 ( x i − a ) ( b − x i ) [ a , x i , b ; f ] = F n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 ) − F 0 − 1 2 ∑ i = 1 n − 1 &hairsp; x i − a b − x i a , x i , b ; f = F n − 1 x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − 1 − F 0 -(1)/(2)sum_(i=1)^(n-1)(x_(i)-a)(b-x_(i))[a,x_(i),b;f]=F_(n-1)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n-1))-F_(0)-\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left(x_{i}-a\right)\left(b-x_{i}\right)\left[a, x_{i}, b ; f\right]=\mathrm{F}_{n-1}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)-\mathrm{F}_{0}−12∑i=1n−1(xi−a)(b−xi)[a,xi,b;f]=Fn−1(x1,x2,…,xn−1)−F0
ce qui prouve notre affirmation.
Cette contradiction démontre le théorème 1 puisque pour n = 1 n = 1 n=1n=1n=1 la propriété résulte facilement.
L'exemple de la fonction
f ( x ) = { ( x − a ) 2 , x ∈ [ a , a + b 2 ] ( x − b ) 2 , x ∈ [ a + b 2 , b ] f ( x ) = ( x − a ) 2 ,      x ∈ a , a + b 2 ( x − b ) 2 ,      x ∈ a + b 2 , b f(x)={[(x-a)^(2)",",x in[a,(a+b)/(2)]],[(x-b)^(2)",",x in[(a+b)/(2),b]]:}f(x)= \begin{cases}(x-a)^{2}, & x \in\left[a, \frac{a+b}{2}\right] \\ (x-b)^{2}, & x \in\left[\frac{a+b}{2}, b\right]\end{cases}f(x)={(x−a)2,x∈[a,a+b2](x−b)2,x∈[a+b2,b]
nous montre que la propriété exprimée par le théorème 1 n'est plus vraie en générale si la fonction f f fff n'est pas dérivable en tout point de l'intervalle ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b).
4. - Nous avons
∂ F n ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) ∂ x i = 1 2 [ f ′ ( x i ) ( x i + 1 − x i − 1 ) − f ( x i + 1 ) + f ( x i − 1 ) ] i = 1 , 2 , … , n ∂ F n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ∂ x i = 1 2 f ′ x i x i + 1 − x i − 1 − f x i + 1 + f x i − 1 i = 1 , 2 , … , n {:[(delF_(n)(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n)))/(delx_(i))=(1)/(2)[f^(')(x_(i))(x_(i+1)-x_(i-1))-f(x_(i+1))+f(x_(i-1))]],[i=1","2","dots","n]:}\begin{gathered} \frac{\partial F_{n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)}{\partial x_{i}}=\frac{1}{2}\left[f^{\prime}\left(x_{i}\right)\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i-1}\right)-f\left(x_{i+1}\right)+f\left(x_{i-1}\right)\right] \\ i=1,2, \ldots, n \end{gathered}∂Fn(x1,x2,…,xn)∂xi=12[f′(xi)(xi+1−xi−1)−f(xi+1)+f(xi−1)]i=1,2,…,n
et nous déduisons le
Théorème 2. - Si la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est continue dans l'intervalle fermé [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] et est dérivable dans l'intervalle ouvert ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b) on peut trouver n n nnn points distincts x 1 , x 2 , … , x n , x 1 < x 2 < … < x n x 1 , x 2 , … , x n , x 1 < x 2 < … < x n x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n),x_(1) < x_(2) < dots < x_(n)x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}, x_{1}<x_{2}<\ldots<x_{n}x1,x2,…,xn,x1<x2<…<xn de ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b) tel que l'on ait
f ′ ( x i ) = [ x i − 1 , x i + 1 ; f ] = f ( x i + 1 ) − f ( x i − 1 ) x i + 1 − x i − 1 i = 1 , 2 , … , n ( x 0 = a , x n + 1 = b ) f ′ x i = x i − 1 , x i + 1 ; f = f x i + 1 − f x i − 1 x i + 1 − x i − 1 i = 1 , 2 , … , n x 0 = a , x n + 1 = b {:[f^(')(x_(i))=[x_(i-1),x_(i+1);f]=(f(x_(i+1))-f(x_(i-1)))/(x_(i+1)-x_(i-1))],[i=1","2","dots","n quad(x_(0)=a,x_(n+1)=b)]:}\begin{gathered} f^{\prime}\left(x_{i}\right)=\left[x_{i-1}, x_{i+1} ; f\right]=\frac{f\left(x_{i+1}\right)-f\left(x_{i-1}\right)}{x_{i+1}-x_{i-1}} \\ i=1,2, \ldots, n \quad\left(x_{0}=a, x_{n+1}=b\right) \end{gathered}f′(xi)=[xi−1,xi+1;f]=f(xi+1)−f(xi−1)xi+1−xi−1i=1,2,…,n(x0=a,xn+1=b)
L'interprétation géométrique est simple.
1947-1948

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