Sur une inegalité

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On an inequality

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T. Popoviciu, Sur une inegalité, Mathematica, 23 (1947-1948), pp. 127-128 (in French) [MR0027024]

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SUR UNE INÉGALITÉ

PAR

TIBERIU POPOVICIU

Requ le 27 avril 1948
Dans les „Nouvelles Annales de mathématiques" ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ^((1)){ }^{(1)}(1) L. A. Le Cointe démontre que si a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , … , a 2 m ′ a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , … , a 2 m ′ a_(1)^('),a_(2)^('),dots,a_(2m)^(')a_{1}^{\prime}, a_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, a_{2 m}^{\prime}a1′,a2′,…,a2m′ sont les 2 m 2 m 2m2 m2m nombres positifs a 1 , a 2 , … , a 2 m a 1 , a 2 , … , a 2 m a_(1),a_(2),dots,a_(2m)a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{2 m}a1,a2,…,a2m rangés en ordre non-décroissant (ou non-croissant), on a
a 1 ′ a 2 ′ … a m ′ + a m + 1 ′ a m + 2 ′ … a 2 m ′ ≧ a 1 a 2 … a m + a m + 1 a m + 2 … a 2 m a 1 ′ a 2 ′ … a m ′ + a m + 1 ′ a m + 2 ′ … a 2 m ′ ≧ a 1 a 2 … a m + a m + 1 a m + 2 … a 2 m a_(1)^(')a_(2)^(')dotsa_(m)^(')+a_(m+1)^(')a_(m+2)^(')dotsa_(2m)^(') >= a_(1)a_(2)dotsa_(m)+a_(m+1)a_(m+2)dotsa_(2m)a_{1}^{\prime} a_{2}^{\prime} \ldots a_{m}^{\prime}+a_{m+1}^{\prime} a_{m+2}^{\prime} \ldots a_{2 m}^{\prime} \geqq a_{1} a_{2} \ldots a_{m}+a_{m+1} a_{m+2} \ldots a_{2 m}a1′a2′…am′+am+1′am+2′…a2m′≧a1a2…am+am+1am+2…a2m
Nous allons donner une généralisation de cette propriété en démontrant le
Théorème. - Soient φ ( x ) , ψ ( x ) φ ( x ) , ψ ( x ) varphi(x),psi(x)\varphi(x), \psi(x)φ(x),ψ(x) deux fonctions continues et croissantes dans l'intervalle. ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b) et φ − 1 , ψ − 1 φ − 1 , ψ − 1 varphi^(-1),psi^(-1)\varphi^{-1}, \psi^{-1}φ−1,ψ−1 leurs fonctions inverses. Posons
M ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = φ − 1 ( ∑ i = 1 n φ ( x i ) n ) N ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x m ) = ψ − 1 ( ∑ i = 1 m ψ ( x i ) m ) M x 1 , x 2 , … , x n = φ − 1 ∑ i = 1 n   φ x i n N x 1 , x 2 , … , x m = ψ − 1 ∑ i = 1 m   ψ x i m {:[M(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(n))=varphi^(-1)((sum_(i=1)^(n)varphi(x_(i)))/(n))],[N(x_(1),x_(2),dots,x_(m))=psi^(-1)((sum_(i=1)^(m)psi(x_(i)))/(m))]:}\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{M}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)=\varphi^{-1}\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \varphi\left(x_{i}\right)}{n}\right) \\ & \mathrm{N}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{m}\right)=\psi^{-1}\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{m} \psi\left(x_{i}\right)}{m}\right) \end{aligned}M(x1,x2,…,xn)=φ−1(∑i=1nφ(xi)n)N(x1,x2,…,xm)=ψ−1(∑i=1mψ(xi)m)
Soient encore a 1 , a 2 , … , a n m n m a 1 , a 2 , … , a n m n m a_(1),a_(2),dots,a_(nm)nma_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{n m} n ma1,a2,…,anmnm nombres appartenant a l'intervalle ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (a,b)(a, b)(a,b) et a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , … , a n m ′ a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , … , a n m ′ a_(1)^('),a_(2)^('),dots,a_(nm)^(')a_{1}^{\prime}, a_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, a_{n m}^{\prime}a1′,a2′,…,anm′ ces mêmes nombres rangés dans l'ordre noncroissant (ou non-décroissant).
Alors nous avons l'inégalité
(1)
M ( N ( a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , … , a m ′ ) , N ( a m + 1 ′ , a m + 2 ′ , … , a 2 m ′ ) , … N ( a ( n − 1 ) m + 1 ′ , a ( n − 1 ) m + 2 ′ , … , a n m ′ ) ) ≧ resp . ≦ M ( N ( a 1 , a 2 , … , a m ) , N ( a m + 1 , a m + 2 , … , a 2 m ) , … , N ( a ( n − 1 ) m + 1 , a ( n − 1 ) m + 2 , … , a n m ) ) M N a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , … , a m ′ , N a m + 1 ′ , a m + 2 ′ , … , a 2 m ′ , … N a ( n − 1 ) m + 1 ′ , a ( n − 1 ) m + 2 ′ , … , a n m ′ ≧ resp . ≦ M N a 1 , a 2 , … , a m , N a m + 1 , a m + 2 , … , a 2 m , … , N a ( n − 1 ) m + 1 , a ( n − 1 ) m + 2 , … , a n m {:[M((N)(a_(1)^('),a_(2)^('),dots,a_(m)^(')),N(a_(m+1)^('),a_(m+2)^('),dots,a_(2m)^(')),dots:}],[{:N(a_((n-1)m+1)^('),a_((n-1)m+2)^('),dots,a_(nm)^('))) >= resp. <= ],[M((N)(a_(1),a_(2),dots,a_(m)),N(a_(m+1),a_(m+2),dots,a_(2m)),dots,:}],[{:N(a_((n-1)m+1),a_((n-1)m+2),dots,a_(nm)))]:}\begin{gathered} \mathrm{M}\left(\mathrm{~N}\left(a_{1}^{\prime}, a_{2}^{\prime}, \ldots, a_{m}^{\prime}\right), \mathrm{N}\left(a_{m+1}^{\prime}, a_{m+2}^{\prime}, \ldots, a_{2 m}^{\prime}\right), \ldots\right. \\ \left.\mathrm{N}\left(a_{(n-1) m+1}^{\prime}, a_{(n-1) m+2}^{\prime}, \ldots, a_{n m}^{\prime}\right)\right) \geqq \mathrm{resp} . \leqq \\ \mathrm{M}\left(\mathrm{~N}\left(a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{m}\right), \mathrm{N}\left(a_{m+1}, a_{m+2}, \ldots, a_{2 m}\right), \ldots,\right. \\ \left.\mathrm{N}\left(a_{(n-1) m+1}, a_{(n-1) m+2}, \ldots, a_{n m}\right)\right) \end{gathered}M( N(a1′,a2′,…,am′),N(am+1′,am+2′,…,a2m′),…N(a(n−1)m+1′,a(n−1)m+2′,…,anm′))≧resp.≦M( N(a1,a2,…,am),N(am+1,am+2,…,a2m),…,N(a(n−1)m+1,a(n−1)m+2,…,anm))
suivant que la fonction φ ( ψ − 1 ) φ ψ − 1 varphi(psi^(-1))\varphi\left(\psi^{-1}\right)φ(ψ−1) est non-concave resp. non-convexe.
( 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}1 ) Т. 2. 372-374 (1843).
Désignons par f f fff la fonction φ ( ψ − 1 ) φ ψ − 1 varphi(psi^(-1))\varphi\left(\psi^{-1}\right)φ(ψ−1) et supposons, pour fixer les idées, que cette fonction soit non-concave. Les fonctions φ − 1 , ψ − 1 φ − 1 , ψ − 1 varphi^(-1),psi^(-1)\varphi^{-1}, \psi^{-1}φ−1,ψ−1 étant aussi croissantes, l'inégalité à démontrer revient à
∑ i = 1 n f ( ∑ j = 1 m ψ ( a ( i − 1 ) m + j ′ ) m m ) ≧ ∑ i = 1 n f ( ∑ j = 1 m ψ ( a ( i − 1 ) m + j ) m m ) ∑ i = 1 n &hairsp; f ∑ j = 1 m &hairsp; ψ a ( i − 1 ) m + j ′ m m ≧ ∑ i = 1 n &hairsp; f ∑ j = 1 m &hairsp; ψ a ( i − 1 ) m + j m m sum_(i=1)^(n)f((sum_(j=1)^(m)(psi(a_((i-1)m+j)^(')))/(m))/(m)) >= sum_(i=1)^(n)f((sum_(j=1)^(m)(psi(a_((i-1)m+j)))/(m))/(m))\sum_{i=1}^{n} f\left(\frac{\sum_{j=1}^{m} \frac{\psi\left(a_{(i-1) m+j}^{\prime}\right)}{m}}{m}\right) \geqq \sum_{i=1}^{n} f\left(\frac{\sum_{j=1}^{m} \frac{\psi\left(a_{(i-1) m+j}\right)}{m}}{m}\right)∑i=1nf(∑j=1mψ(a(i−1)m+j′)mm)≧∑i=1nf(∑j=1mψ(a(i−1)m+j)mm)
qui est une conséquence de la propriété suivante des MM. G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood et G. Polya ( 2 ) 2 (^(2))\left({ }^{2}\right)(2).
Si f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) est une fonction non-concave et si ( x i ≥ x i + 1 , y i ≧ y i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 ) x i ≥ x i + 1 , y i ≧ y i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 ) (x_(i) >= x_(i+1),y_(i) >= y_(i+1),i=:}1,2,dots,n-1)\left(x_{i} \geq x_{i+1}, y_{i} \geqq y_{i+1}, i=\right. 1,2, \ldots, n-1)(xi≥xi+1,yi≧yi+1,i=1,2,…,n−1)
x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x i ≧ y 1 + y 2 + ⋯ + y i , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 , x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x n = y 1 + y 2 + ⋯ + y n x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x i ≧ y 1 + y 2 + ⋯ + y i , i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 , x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x n = y 1 + y 2 + ⋯ + y n {:[x_(1)+x_(2)+cdots+x_(i) >= y_(1)+y_(2)+cdots+y_(i)","quad i=1","2","dots","n-1","],[x_(1)+x_(2)+cdots+x_(n)=y_(1)+y_(2)+cdots+y_(n)]:}\begin{aligned} & x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots+x_{i} \geqq y_{1}+y_{2}+\cdots+y_{i}, \quad i=1,2, \ldots, n-1, \\ & x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots+x_{n}=y_{1}+y_{2}+\cdots+y_{n} \end{aligned}x1+x2+⋯+xi≧y1+y2+⋯+yi,i=1,2,…,n−1,x1+x2+⋯+xn=y1+y2+⋯+yn
on a l'inégalité
∑ i = 1 n f ( x i ) ≧ ∑ i = 1 n f ( y i ) ∑ i = 1 n &hairsp; f x i ≧ ∑ i = 1 n &hairsp; f y i sum_(i=1)^(n)f(x_(i)) >= sum_(i=1)^(n)f(y_(i))\sum_{i=1}^{n} f\left(x_{i}\right) \geqq \sum_{i=1}^{n} f\left(y_{i}\right)∑i=1nf(xi)≧∑i=1nf(yi)
Dans le cas où la fonction φ ( ψ − 1 ) φ ψ − 1 varphi(psi^(-1))\varphi\left(\psi^{-1}\right)φ(ψ−1) est convexe (resp. concave) il est facil de trouver les cas où l'égalité est valable dans (1).
La propriété de Le Cointe correspond au cas où n = 2 , φ = x , ψ = log ⁡ x n = 2 , φ = x , ψ = log ⁡ x n=2,varphi=x,psi=log xn=2, \varphi=x, \psi=\log xn=2,φ=x,ψ=log⁡x.
En particularisant les fonctions φ , ψ φ , ψ varphi,psi\varphi, \psiφ,ψ on trouve divers énoncés particuliers.

  1. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ^((2)){ }^{(2)}(2) „Some simple inéqualities satisfied by convex function", Messenger of Math., 58, 145-152 (1929). Voir aussi "Inequalities", p. 89.
1948

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