Asupra demonstraţiei teoremei lui Weierstrass cu ajutorul polinoamelor de interpolare

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1950 a -Popoviciu- Lucr. Ses. Gen. St. Acad. RPR – Asupra demonstratiei teoremei lui Weierstrass cu ajutorul polinoamelor de interpolare
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T. Popoviciu, Asupra demonstraţiei teoremei lui Weierstrass cu ajutorul polinoamelor de interpolare, Lucrările ses. generale a Acad. R.P.R., pp. 1664-1667 (in Romanian).

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republished in English, in 1998: T. Popoviciu, On the proof of Weierstrass’ theorem using interpolation polynomials, East J. Approximations, 4 (1998) no. 1, pp. 107-110 (translated by D. Kacsó)

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ASUPRA DEMONSTRATIEI TFOREMEI LUI WEIERSTRASS CU AJUTORUL POLINOAMELOR DE INTERPOLARE

DEPROF. TIBERIU POPOVICIU,MLLMBRE CORISSPONDISNT AI, ACATBIGHEII R.L.R.Comonicare prezentată în şedinfa din 7 Iunie 1950.

I. Fie [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] un interval finit și închis, care, după caz, poate fi considerat redus la [ 0 , I ] [ 0 , I ] [0,I][0, \mathrm{I}][0,I] sau [ − I , I ] [ − I , I ] [-I,I][-\mathrm{I}, \mathrm{I}][−I,I], fapt care nu restrânge generalitatea chestiunilor tratate.
Să considerăm un tablou triunghitular de noduri în [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b]
(I) x n , o , x n , 1 , … , x n , n , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … (I) x n , o , x n , 1 , … , x n , n , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … {:(I)x_(n)","o","x_(n,1)","dots","x_(n,n)","quad n=1","2","3","dots:}\begin{equation*} x_{n}, o, x_{n, 1}, \ldots, x_{n, n}, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldots \tag{I} \end{equation*}(I)xn,o,xn,1,…,xn,n,n=1,2,3,…
și ur tablou triunghiular de polinoame in x x xxx,
(2) P n , 0 , P n , 1 , … , P n , n , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … ( P n , m = P n , m ( x ) ) (2) P n , 0 , P n , 1 , … , P n , n , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … P n , m = P n , m ( x ) {:(2)P_(n,0)","quadP_(n,1)","dots","P_(n,n)","quad n=1","2","3","dots(P_(n,m)=P_(n,m)(x)):}\begin{equation*} P_{n, 0}, \quad P_{n, 1}, \ldots, P_{n, n}, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldots\left(P_{n, m}=P_{n, m}(x)\right) \tag{2} \end{equation*}(2)Pn,0,Pn,1,…,Pn,n,n=1,2,3,…(Pn,m=Pn,m(x))
Unei funcţii f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) uniforme în [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] se ataşează șitul de polinosme de interpolare (într'un sens mai general)
Q n [ f ; x ] = ∑ i = 0 n P n , t ( x ) f ( x n , t ) , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … Q n [ f ; x ] = ∑ i = 0 n   P n , t ( x ) f x n , t , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … Q_(n)[f;x]=sum_(i=0)^(n)P_(n,t)(x)f(x_(n,t)),quad n=1,2,3,dotsQ_{n}[f ; x]=\sum_{i=0}^{n} P_{n, t}(x) f\left(x_{n, t}\right), \quad n=1,2,3, \ldotsQn[f;x]=∑i=0nPn,t(x)f(xn,t),n=1,2,3,…
Problema determinării tablourilor (1) și (2) astfel ca
lim n → ∞ Q n [ f ; x ] = f ( x ) lim n → ∞   Q n [ f ; x ] = f ( x ) lim_(n rarr oo)Q_(n)[f;x]=f(x)\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} Q_{n}[f ; x]=f(x)limn→∞Qn[f;x]=f(x)
uniform în [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b] pentru orice funcție f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x) continuă în [ a , b ] [ a , b ] [a,b][a, b][a,b], pusă de E E E\mathbb{E}E. Bore1 [I], a fost elegant rezolvată de S. Bernstein [2] prin polinoamele (scrise pentru intervalul [ 0 , I ] [ 0 , I ] [0,I][0, I][0,I] ).
B n [ f ; x ] = ∑ i = 0 n f ( i n ) ( n i ) x i ( 1 − x ) n − l B n [ f ; x ] = ∑ i = 0 n   f i n n i x i ( 1 − x ) n − l B_(n)[f;x]=sum_(i=0)^(n)f((i)/(n))((n)/(i))x^(i)(1-x)^(n-l)B_{n}[f ; x]=\sum_{i=0}^{n} f\left(\frac{i}{n}\right)\left(\frac{n}{i}\right) x^{i}(1-x)^{n-l}Bn[f;x]=∑i=0nf(in)(ni)xi(1−x)n−l
  1. Dacă în particular avem
    a) P n , t ( x ) ≧ 0 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n ; n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … ; x ∈ [ a , b ] P n , t ( x ) ≧ 0 , i = 0 , 1 , … , n ; n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … ; x ∈ [ a , b ] P_(n,t)(x) >= 0,i=0,1,dots,n;n=1,2,3,dots;x in[a,b]P_{n, t}(x) \geqq 0, i=0,1, \ldots, n ; n=1,2,3, \ldots ; x \in[a, b]Pn,t(x)≧0,i=0,1,…,n;n=1,2,3,…;x∈[a,b]
  1. ∑ i = 0 n i P n , i ( x ) = 1 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … ∑ i = 0 n i   P n , i ( x ) = 1 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … sum_(i=0)^(n_(i))P_(n,i)(x)=1,quad n=1,2,3,dots\sum_{i=0}^{n_{i}} P_{n, i}(x)=1, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldots∑i=0niPn,i(x)=1,n=1,2,3,…
    diferența Q n [ f ; x ] − f ( x ) Q n [ f ; x ] − f ( x ) Q_(n)[f;x]-f(x)Q_{n}[f ; x]-f(x)Qn[f;x]−f(x) se delimitează imediat prin formula
| Q n [ f ; x ] − f ( x ) | ≦ 2 ω ( A n ) Q n [ f ; x ] − f ( x ) ≦ 2 ω A n |Q_(n)[f;x]-f(x)| <= 2omega(A_(n))\left|Q_{n}[f ; x]-f(x)\right| \leqq 2 \omega\left(A_{n}\right)|Qn[f;x]−f(x)|≦2ω(An)
unde
A n = sup [ a , b ] ∑ i = 0 r | x n , i − x | P n , i ( x ) A n = sup [ a , b ] &hairsp; ∑ i = 0 r &hairsp; x n , i − x P n , i ( x ) A_(n)=s u p_([a,b])sum_(i=0)^(r)|x_(n,i)-x|P_(n,i)(x)A_{n}=\sup _{[a, b]} \sum_{i=0}^{r}\left|x_{n, i}-x\right| P_{n, i}(x)An=sup[a,b]∑i=0r|xn,i−x|Pn,i(x)
și ω ( δ ) ω ( δ ) omega(delta)\omega(\delta)ω(δ) este modulul de oscilație al funcției f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x).
Dacă A n → 0 A n → 0 A_(n)rarr0A_{n} \rightarrow 0An→0, pentru n → ∞ n → ∞ n rarr oon \rightarrow \inftyn→∞, problema lui E. B o re 1 este rezolvată. Acest lucru are loc în particular în cazul polinoamelor lui S. Bernstein, cum am arătat altă dată [3].
Pentru demonstrarea teoremei lui Weierstrass, pe lângă condiţiile α α alpha\alphaα ), β β beta\betaβ ), este suficient să avem
( A n ≦ ) B n = sup [ a , b ] ∑ i = 0 n ( x n , i − x ) 2 P n , i ( x ) → 0 , pentru n → ∞ A n ≦ B n = sup [ a , b ] &hairsp; ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; x n , i − x 2 P n , i ( x ) → 0 ,  pentru  n → ∞ (A_(n) <= )B_(n)=sqrt(s u p_([a,b])sum_(i=0)^(n)(x_(n,i)-x)^(2)P_(n,i)(x))rarr0," pentru "n rarr oo\left(A_{n} \leqq\right) B_{n}=\sqrt{\sup _{[a, b]} \sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(x_{n, i}-x\right)^{2} P_{n, i}(x)} \rightarrow 0, \text { pentru } n \rightarrow \infty(An≦)Bn=sup[a,b]∑i=0n(xn,i−x)2Pn,i(x)→0, pentru n→∞
Acest lucru este realizat în cazul polinoamelor lui S. Bernstein, căci atunci B n = I 2 n B n = I 2 n B_(n)=(I)/(2sqrtn)B_{n}=\frac{I}{2 \sqrt{n}}Bn=I2n
3. Teorema lui Weierstrass se mai poate demonstra și cu ajutorul polinoamelor introduse de I 1 I 1 I_(1)I_{1}I1. Fejé r r rrr [4] și care derivă din polinoamele. de interpolare ale lui Hermite.
Dacă
l n ( x ) = c ( x − x n , 0 ) ( x − x n , t ) … ( x − x n , n ) , l n ( x ) = c x − x n , 0 x − x n , t … x − x n , n , l_(n)(x)=c(x-x_(n,0))(x-x_(n,t))dots(x-x_(n,n)),l_{n}(x)=c\left(x-x_{n, 0}\right)\left(x-x_{n, t}\right) \ldots\left(x-x_{n, n}\right),ln(x)=c(x−xn,0)(x−xn,t)…(x−xn,n),
unde c c ccc este o constantă convenabilă.
Să considerăm polinomtul lui Hermite
(3) ∑ i = 0 n h n , t ( x ) f n , i + ∑ i = 0 n k n , t ( x ) f n , t ′ (3) ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; h n , t ( x ) f n , i + ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; k n , t ( x ) f n , t ′ {:(3)sum_(i=0)^(n)h_(n,t)(x)f_(n,i)+sum_(i=0)^(n)k_(n,t)(x)f_(n,t)^('):}\begin{equation*} \sum_{i=0}^{n} h_{n, t}(x) f_{n, i}+\sum_{i=0}^{n} k_{n, t}(x) f_{n, t}^{\prime} \tag{3} \end{equation*}(3)∑i=0nhn,t(x)fn,i+∑i=0nkn,t(x)fn,t′
de gradul 2 n + 1 2 n + 1 2n+12 n+12n+1, care se reduce la f n , t f n , t f_(n,t)f_{n, t}fn,t pentru x = x n , t x = x n , t x=x_(n,t)x=x_{n, t}x=xn,t și a cărei derivată: se reduce la f n , i ′ f n , i ′ f_(n,i)^(')f_{n, i}^{\prime}fn,i′ pentru x = x n , i , i = 0 , 1 , … , n x = x n , i , i = 0 , 1 , … , n x=x_(n,i),i=0,1,dots,nx=x_{n, i}, i=0,1, \ldots, nx=xn,i,i=0,1,…,n.
Atunci condiția β β beta\betaβ ) se realizează prin ∑ i = 0 n h n , i ( x ) = 1 ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; h n , i ( x ) = 1 sum_(i=0)^(n)h_(n,i)(x)=1\sum_{i=0}^{n} h_{n, i}(x)=1∑i=0nhn,i(x)=1.
Avem apoi
∑ i = 0 n h n , t ( x ) ( x − x n , t ) 2 = 2 ∑ i = 0 n k n , t ( x ) ( x − x n , t ) = 2 l n 2 ( x ) ∑ i = 0 n 1 [ l n ′ ( x n , t ) ] 2 ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; h n , t ( x ) x − x n , t 2 = 2 ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; k n , t ( x ) x − x n , t = 2 l n 2 ( x ) ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; 1 l n ′ x n , t 2 sum_(i=0)^(n)h_(n,t)(x)(x-x_(n,t))^(2)=2sum_(i=0)^(n)k_(n,t)(x)(x-x_(n,t))=2l_(n)^(2)(x)sum_(i=0)^(n)(1)/([l_(n)^(')(x_(n),t)]^(2))\sum_{i=0}^{n} h_{n, t}(x)\left(x-x_{n, t}\right)^{2}=2 \sum_{i=0}^{n} k_{n, t}(x)\left(x-x_{n, t}\right)=2 l_{n}^{2}(x) \sum_{i=0}^{n} \frac{1}{\left[l_{n}^{\prime}\left(x_{n}, t\right)\right]^{2}}∑i=0nhn,t(x)(x−xn,t)2=2∑i=0nkn,t(x)(x−xn,t)=2ln2(x)∑i=0n1[ln′(xn,t)]2
Conditia α α alpha\alphaα ) este realizată dacă luăm h n , i ( x ) = P n , i ( x ) h n , i ( x ) = P n , i ( x ) h_(n,i)(x)=P_(n,i)(x)h_{n, i}(x)=P_{n, i}(x)hn,i(x)=Pn,i(x) după cum a arătat. L. Fejér, în cazul particular pentru polinomul lui Ceb âşev (scris pentru intervalul [ − I , I ] [ − I , I ] [-I,I][-\mathbf{I}, \mathbf{I}][−I,I] ),
l n ( x ) = T n + 1 ( x ) = cos ⁡ ( n + 1 ) arc cos ⁡ x l n ( x ) = T n + 1 ( x ) = cos ⁡ ( n + 1 ) arc cos ⁡ x l_(n)(x)=T_(n+1)(x)=cos(n+1)arc cos xl_{n}(x)=T_{n+1}(x)=\cos (n+1) \operatorname{arc} \cos xln(x)=Tn+1(x)=cos⁡(n+1)arccos⁡x
In acest caz
∑ i = 0 n I [ l n ′ ( x n , i ) ] 2 = ∑ i = 0 n I [ T n + 1 ′ ( x n , i ) ] 2 = I ( n + I ) 2 ∑ i = 0 n ( I − x n , i 2 ) = I 2 ( n + I ) ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; I l n ′ x n , i 2 = ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; I T n + 1 ′ x n , i 2 = I ( n + I ) 2 ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; I − x n , i 2 = I 2 ( n + I ) sum_(i=0)^(n)(I)/([l_(n)^(')(x_(n),i)]^(2))=sum_(i=0)^(n)(I)/([T_(n+1)^(')(x_(n,i))]^(2))=(I)/((n+I)^(2))sum_(i=0)^(n)(I-x_(n,i)^(2))=(I)/(2(n+I))\sum_{i=0}^{n} \frac{\mathrm{I}}{\left[l_{n}^{\prime}\left(x_{n}, i\right)\right]^{2}}=\sum_{i=0}^{n} \frac{\mathrm{I}}{\left[T_{n+1}^{\prime}\left(x_{n, i}\right)\right]^{2}}=\frac{\mathrm{I}}{(n+\mathrm{I})^{2}} \sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(\mathrm{I}-x_{n, i}^{2}\right)=\frac{\mathrm{I}}{2(n+\mathrm{I})}∑i=0nI[ln′(xn,i)]2=∑i=0nI[Tn+1′(xn,i)]2=I(n+I)2∑i=0n(I−xn,i2)=I2(n+I)
Rezultă cǎ în acest caz
B n = 1 n + 1 B n = 1 n + 1 B_(n)=(1)/(sqrt(n+1))B_{n}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}Bn=1n+1
Așa dar, pentru polinoamele lui L. Fejér,
F n [ t ; x ] = ∑ i = 0 n h n , i ( x ) f ( x n , i ) F n [ t ; x ] = ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; h n , i ( x ) f x n , i F_(n)[t;x]=sum_(i=0)^(n)h_(n,i)(x)f(x_(n,i))F_{n}[t ; x]=\sum_{i=0}^{n} h_{n, i}(x) f\left(x_{n, i}\right)Fn[t;x]=∑i=0nhn,i(x)f(xn,i)
unde h n , t ( x ) h n , t ( x ) h_(n,t)(x)h_{n, t}(x)hn,t(x) sunt polinoamele fundamentale de prima specie corespunzătoare polinoamelor lui Hermite (3) și nodurilor lui Cebâşev x n , i x n , i x_(n,i)x_{n, i}xn,i, verifică inegalitatea
| F n [ f ; x ] − f ( x ) | ≦ 2 ω ( I n + I ) , x ∈ [ − I , I ] F n [ f ; x ] − f ( x ) ≦ 2 ω I n + I , x ∈ [ − I , I ] |F_(n)[f;x]-f(x)| <= 2omega((I)/(sqrt(n+I))),quad x in[-I,I]\left|F_{n}[f ; x]-f(x)\right| \leqq 2 \omega\left(\frac{\mathrm{I}}{\sqrt{n+\mathrm{I}}}\right), \quad x \in[-\mathrm{I}, \mathrm{I}]|Fn[f;x]−f(x)|≦2ω(In+I),x∈[−I,I]
Rezultă de aici că aproximația dată de polinoamele lui L. F e j é r, este cel puțin de acelaşi ordin cu aproximatia dată de polinoamele lui S. Bexnstein.
Observațiile de mai sus sugerează diverse noi probleme asupra polinoamelor de interpolare, pe care le vom trata într'o lucrare mai detaliată.

КРАТКОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Делаются несколько замечаний касательно полиномов приближенности формы ∑ i = 0 n P n , i ( x ) f ( x n , i ) ∑ i = 0 n &hairsp; P n , i ( x ) f x n , i sum_(i=0)^(n)P_(n,i)(x)f(x_(n),i)\sum_{i=0}^{n} P_{n, i}(x) f\left(x_{n}, i\right)∑i=0nPn,i(x)f(xn,i), обобщающих полиномы С. Н. Бернштейна (2). Наряду с условиями α α alpha\alphaα ), β β beta\betaβ ) можно легко ограничить условие при помощи модуля колебаний функции f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x). Показывается что полиномы Л. Фейера (4) приводят к теореме Вейерштрасса с приближенностью, достигающей приближенности многочленов С. Н. Бернштейна.

RÉSUMÉ

Quelques remarques sur les polynômes d'approximation de la forme ∑ ∑ n P n , i ( x ) f ( x n , i ) ∑ ∑ n &hairsp; P n , i ( x ) f x n , i sum_(sum)^(n)P_(n,i)(x)f(x_(n),i)\sum_{\sum}^{n} P_{n, i}(x) f\left(x_{n}, i\right)∑∑nPn,i(x)f(xn,i), généralisant les polynômes de S. Bernstein [2]. Sous les conditions α α alpha\alphaα ), β β beta\betaβ ) on peut facilement délimiter l'erreur à l'aide du module d'oscillation de la fonction f ( x ) f ( x ) f(x)f(x)f(x). Comme application on montre que les polynômes de L. Fejér [4] conduisent au théorème de Weierstrass, avec une approximation qui atteint celle des polynômes de S. Bernstein.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

  1. E. Borel, Lecons sur les fonctions de variables réelles. 1905.
  2. S. Bernstein, Demonstrafia teoremei lui Weierstrass bazată pe calculul probabilităților. Comunicările Soc. Matem. din Harcov, 2, 13, 1-2, 1912.
  3. T. Popovieiu, Sur l'approximation des fonctions, convexes d'ordre supérieur. Mathematica, 10, 49-54, 1934.
  4. L. Fejér, Über Weierstrassche Approximation besonders durch Hermitesche Interpolation. Math. Ann., 102, 707-725, 1930.
1950

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