Existence Results for Some Functional Integrodifferential Equations with State-Dependent Delay

Abstract

In this work, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for some functional integrodifferential equations with state-dependent delay in Banach spaces. We use \(C_{0}\)-semigroup theory and a fixed point approach based on Banach and Sadovskii’s fixed point theorems, nonlinear alternative for condensing maps, Bihari’s inequality and the technique of equivalent norms. Applications ares provided to a reaction-diffusion equation with state-dependent delay.

Authors

Sylvain Koumla
Département de Mathématiques, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Adam Barka d’Abéché, Abéché, Chad

Radu Precup
Department of Mathematics Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Ngarkodje Ngarasta 
Département de Mathématiques, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de N’Djaména, N’Djaména, Chad

Keywords

Mild solution; Functional integrodifferential equation with state-dependent delay; C₀-semigroup semigroup; Nonlinear alternative; Condensing map

Paper coordinates

S. Koumla, R. Precup, N. Ngarasta, Existence results for some functional integrodifferential equations with state-dependent delay, Differ. Eq. Dyn. Syst., (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12591-023-00661-y

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Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems

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Springer International Publishing AG

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09713514

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09746870

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Existence results for some functional integrodifferential equations with state-dependent delay

Existence results for some functional integrodifferential equations with state-dependent delay

Sylvain Koumla, Radu Precup, Ngarkodje Ngarasta S. Koumla, Université Adam Barka d’Abeche, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Mathématiques, Chad skoumla@gmail.com R. Precup, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science and Institute of Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania & Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis, Romanian Academy, P.O. Box 68-1, 400110 Cluj-Napoca, Romania r.precup@math.ubbcluj.ro N. Ngarasta, Université de N’Djaména, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Département de Mathématiques, Chad ngarkodje@gmail.com
Abstract.

In this work, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for some functional integrodifferential equations with state-dependent delay in Banach spaces. We use C0-semigroup theory and a fixed point approach based on Banach and Sadovskii’s fixed point theorems, nonlinear alternative for condensing maps, Bihari’s inequality and the technique of equivalent norms. Applications ares provided to a reaction-diffusion equation with state-dependent delay.

Keywords and Phrases: mild solution, functional integrodifferential equation with state-dependent delay, C0-semigroup, nonlinear alternative, condensing map.

1. Introduction

In this work, we study the existence of solutions for the following functional integrodifferential equation with state-dependent delay,

{ddt[u(t)G(t,u(tρ0(t)))]=A[u(t)G(t,u(tρ0(t)))]+0tg(ts,u(s))𝑑s+F(t,u(tρ(t,u(t)))),fort[0,b]u(t)=ϕ(t),for t[r,0] (1.1)

where A:D(A)XX is the infinitesimal generator of a C0-semigroup (T(t))t0 on a Banach space X; F,G,g:[0,b]×XX are given functions; ϕC([r,0],X); ρ0:[0,b]+;ρ is a positive bounded continuous function on [0,b]×X, and r is the maximal delay defined by

r=supt[0,b]zXρ(t,z)<, 0ρ0(t)r.

We assume that

G(0,ϕ(ρ0(0)))=0 (1.2)

and we are interested into mild solutions of problem (1.1), in the space C([0,b],X). The results are based on Banach and Sadovskii fixed point theorems, the nonlinear alternative for condensing maps, Bihari’s inequality and on the technique of equivalent norms.

In [23], the author investigated the existence and regularity of solutions to the following integrodifferential equation

{u(t)=Au(t)+0tg(ts,u(s))𝑑s+f(t),t0u(0)=u0X. (1.3)

Recently, Ezzinbi and Koumla [9] considered equation (1.3) with finite and infinite delay. They obtained their result via Banach’s fixed point theorem. Koumla and al. [14, 15] have considered a class of perturbed semilinear neutral functional integrodifferential equations with finite delay, under some approaches that are commonly used: the contraction mapping principle and Schauder’s fixed point theorem.

Functional differential equations with state-dependent delay appear frequently in applications as models of real processes and for this reason the study of this type of equations has received great attention in recent years. For the theory of differential equations with state-dependent delay and its applications, we refer the reader to the handbook by Cañada et al. [5] and the papers [1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17]. The study of partial differential equations with state-dependent delay has been initiated recently. For the case when A generates a C0-semigroup, we refer to Hernandez et al. [13]. In the case where g=0, problem (1.1) has been studied by several authors. Thus, Belmekki et al. [3] established the existence of solutions of problem (1.1) when g=0 andG=0. The authors proved the existence of solutions by using a Leray-Schauder type alternative and the semigroup theory. In [16], the author uses fixed point arguments, namely the Rothe type fixed point theorem to establish the controllability of a class of retarded semilinear systems. The solutions are understood in the sense of mild solutions too.

Our work is mainly motivated by papers [14] and [23]. We generalize the method used in [3] and [14] to derive the existence of mild solutions of (1.1). The obtained results represent a generalization and a continuation of those from papers [3, 14].

The organization of this work is as follows: in Section 2, we collect some useful notions and results; in Section 3, we give our main results: an existence and uniqueness result based on Banach’s contraction principle and the technique of equivalent norms; an existence result based on Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem; and an existence result based on the nonlinear alternative for condensing maps. Finally, in Section 4 we present applications to a reaction-diffusion integrodifferential equation with state-dependent delay.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we recall some notions and results that we need in the following.

Throughout the paper, X is a Banach space, A:D(A)XX is a linear operator which generates a C0-semigroup (T(t))t0 on X. For more details, we refer to [18, 22]. Recall that for such a semigroup, there exist N>0 and ω such that

|T(t)|Neωt,t0, (2.1)

where |T(t)| is the norm of the bounded linear operator T(t).

The linear space D(A) equipped with the graph norm defined by

|y|D(A)=|y|X+|Ay|X (2.2)

is a Banach space. In this sense, we may speak about the space C([0,b],D(A)).

In regards with the abstract initial value problem

{u(t)=Au(t)+q(t),t[0,b]u(0)=v, (2.3)

where vX and qC([0,b],X), we have the following definition (see [18, p 486]): by the mild solution of problem (2.3), one means the function uC([0,b],X) given by

u(t)=T(t)v+0tT(ts)q(s)𝑑s,t[0,b]. (2.4)

If vD(A) and either qC1([0,b],X) or q(t)D(A) for all t[0,b], then the function u given by (2.4) is a strong solution of (2.3), i.e., uC1([0,b],X)C([0,b],D(A)), u(0)=u0 and u satisfies pointwise the differential equation.
Also recall the notion of (Kuratowski) measure of noncompactness,
μ(B)=inf{d>0:B can be covered by a finite number of set of diameter<d}.
Some basic properties of μ(.) are given in the following lemma.

Lemma 2.1 ([2]).

Let E be a Banach space and B,CE be bounded sets. Then
(i) μ(B)=0 if and only if B is relatively compact;
(ii) μ(B)=μ(B¯)=μ(co¯B), where co¯B is the closed convex hull of B;
(iii) μ(B)μ(C) if BC;
(iv) μ(B+C)μ(B)+μ(C);
(v) μ(BC)max{μ(B),μ(C)};
(vi) μ(B(0,r))=2r, where B(0,r)={xE:|x|r} and dimE=+.

Recall that a continuous map P acting in E is said to be condensing if μ(P(B))<μ(B) for each bounded subset B of the domain of P, with μ(B)>0. For example, the sum of a contraction map with a completely continuous map is condensing.

In this paper we shall use the technique of equivalent norms related to the space C([0,b],X), primary endowed with the max norm

|u|=|u|C([0,b],X)=maxt[0,b]|u(t)|X.

As in [4], the space C([0,b],X) can be equipped with an equivalent norm defined by

|u|θ=maxt[0,b](|u|C([0,t],X)eθt),

for some θ>0. It is easy to check that ||θ is a norm on C([0,b],X) and that

eθb|u||u|θ|u|,

which proves the equivalence of the norms || and ||θ on C([0,b],X). Note that the use of an equivalent norm ||θ with a suitable large enough θ>0 is extremely convenient when dealing with Volterra type equations (see [15, 14, 19, 20]).

We conclude this preliminary section by stating two basic results that are used in this paper. The first one is Bihari’s inequality (see, e.g., [21]).

Theorem 2.2 (Bihari inequality).

Assume that f and v are nonnegative continuous functions on [0,τ), and h is a positive nondecreasing continuous function on (0,+) such that for all t[0,τ),

v(t)c0+0tf(s)h(v(s))𝑑s,

where c0>0 is a constant. Then for all t[0,τ1], one has

v(t)Φ1(Φ(c0)+0tf(s)𝑑s),

where

Φ(x)=x0x1h(s)𝑑s,xx0>0,

Φ1 is the inverse function of Φ, and

τ1=sup{t[0,τ):Φ(+)Φ(c0)+0tf(s)𝑑s}. (2.5)

Another tool in our approach is the nonlinear alternative for condensing maps (see, e.g., [11, p. 133]).

Theorem 2.3 (Nonlinear alternative).

Let E be a Banach space and 𝒟E be closed convex with 0𝒟. Let P:𝒟𝒟 be a condensing map. Then either  (i) P has a fixed point, or  (ii) the set Λ={u𝒟:u=λP(u), 0<λ<1} is unbounded.

3. Main results

In view of (2.4), by a mild solution of problem (1.1) we mean the function uC([r,b],X) with u(t)=ϕ(t) for t[r,0], such that

u(t) = T(t)ϕ(0)+G(t,u(tρ0(t)))+0tT(ts)0sg(sτ,u(τ))𝑑τ𝑑s
+0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s,

for all t[0,b]. Thus, uC([r,b],X) is a mild solution of (1.1) if it is a fixed point of the operator P:Cϕ([0,b],X)Cϕ([0,b],X) given by

(Pu)(t) = T(t)ϕ(0)+G(t,u(tρ0(t)))+0tT(ts)0sg(sτ,u(τ))𝑑τ𝑑s
+0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s(t[0,b]),

where Cϕ([0,b],X)={uC([0,b],X):u(0)=ϕ(0)} and it is understood that u(t)=ϕ(t) for t[r,0]. Note that in view of (1.2), the operator P is well-defined since

(Pu)(0)=T(0)ϕ(0)+G(0,u(0ρ0(0)))=ϕ(0)+G(0,ϕ(ρ0(0)))=ϕ(0).

Also note that it is a causal operator in the sense of Corduneanu [7], which makes possible to use the technique of equivalent norms.

3.1. An existence and uniqueness result

Our first result gives the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution of (1.1), in the set Cϕ([0,b],X) assuming that the delay is not state-dependent.The result is obtained via Banach’s contraction principle with respect to an equivalent norm ||θ on C([0,b],X), with a suitable large enough number θ>0, and using global Lipschitz conditions on F,G,g. Here are the hypotheses:

(H1):

F,G,g:[0,b]×XX are continuous and Lipschitzian with respect to the second argument, that is, there are constants LF,LG,Lg0 such that

|F(t,u)F(t,v)|X LF|uv|X,
|G(t,u)G(t,v)|X LG|uv|X,
|g(t,u)g(t,v)|X Lg|uv|X,

for all t[0,b] and u,vX.

Theorem 3.1.

Assume that condition (H1) holds and LG<1. In addition assume that ρ(t,z)=ρ(t) for all t[0,b], zX. Then problem (1.1) has a unique mild solution uC([r,b],X).

Proof.

We look for a fixed point uCϕ([0,b],X) of the operator P given by (3). In order to apply Banach’s contraction principle, we need to prove that P is a contraction on Cϕ([0,b],X) with respect the metric introduced by a suitable norm ||θ on C([0,b],X). To show this, consider two arbitrary functions u,vCϕ([0,b],X) and any t[0,b]. Using (2.1) and (H)𝟏 we have

|(Pu)(t)(Pv)(t)|X LG|uv|C([0,t],X)+NLgeωb0t0s|uv|C([0,τ],X)𝑑τ𝑑s
+NLFeωb0t|uv|C([0,s],X)𝑑s
= LG|uv|C([0,t],X)eθteθt
+NLgeωb0t0s|uv|C([0,τ],X)eθτeθτ𝑑τ𝑑s
+NLFeωb0t|uv|C([0,s],X)eθseθs𝑑s.

It follows that

|(Pu)(t)(Pv)(t)|X(LGeθt+NLgeωb0t0seθτ𝑑τ𝑑s+NLFeωb0teθs𝑑s)|uv|θ. (3.3)

Since

0teθs𝑑s=1θ(eθt1)1θeθt,0t0seθτ𝑑τ𝑑s1θ2eθt,

we deduce that

|(Pu)(t)(Pv)(t)|X[LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)]eθt|uv|θ.

For tt1b, this inequality yields

|PuPv|C([0,t1],X)[LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)]eθt1|uv|θ

Dividing by eθt1 and taking the maximum for t1[0,b] gives

|PuPv)|θ[LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)]|uv|θ.

Therefore, in view of the assumption LG<1, for θ>0 large enough that

LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)<1.

The operator P is a contraction on Cϕ([0,b],X) with respect to the norm ||θ, and according to Banach’s fixed point theorem it has in Cϕ([0,b],X) a unique fixed point. ∎

3.2. Existence under compactness conditions

For the next results, instead of the Lipschitz conditions on F and g, we shall assume that semigroup (T(t))t0 is compact. The existence of solutions to problem (1.1) will be established via topological fixed point theorems involving condensing operators. For these results the delay can be state-dependent. We start with a result about the condensing property of our operator P.

We need the following conditions:

(H2) (i):

The map F:[0,b]×XX is continuous and map bounded sets into bounded sets;

(ii):

The map g:[0,b]×XX is continuous and its primitive with respect to t, that is the map g^:[0,b]×XX given by

g^(t,x)=0tg(s,x)𝑑s(t[0,b],xX),

maps bounded sets into bounded sets;

(iii):

The map G:[0,b]×XX is continuous and satisfies

|G(t,u)G(t,v)|LG|uv|

for all t[0,b] and u,vX, and LG<1;

(iv):

The semigroup (T(t))t0 is compact.

Lemma 3.2.

Under assumption (H2), the operator P:Cϕ([0,b],X)Cϕ([0,b],X) is condensing.

Proof.

The continuity of the operator P follows directly from the continuity of ρ,G,F and g.

Clearly, from (iii), the operator PG:Cϕ([0,b],X) Cϕ([0,b],X) given by

(PGu)(t)=T(t)ϕ(0)+G(t,u(tρ0(t))),

is a contraction with Lipschitz constant LG. It remains to show that PPG is completely continuous, i.e., it maps bounded sets into relatively compact sets. Let D be any bounded subset of Cϕ([0,b],X) and let lD be a bound of D, i.e., |u|lD for all uD. We have to prove that the set (PPG)(D) is (a) uniformly bounded, (b) uniformly equicontinuous and that (c) for each t[0,b], the set (PPG)(D)(t) is relatively compact in X. Without loss of generality, we assume that constant w in (2.1) is positive.

(a) Since F maps bounded sets into bounded sets, there is a constant C1 depending on lD such that |F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))|C1 for all s[0,b] and uD. Then

|0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|C1bNeωb (3.4)

for all t[0,b] and uD. Similarly, since g^ maps bounded sets into bounded sets, there is a constant C2 depending on lD such that |0sg(sτ,u(τ))𝑑τ|C2 for all s[0,b] and uD. Hence

|0tT(ts)0sg(sr,u(r))𝑑r𝑑s|C2bNeωb (3.5)

for all t[0,b] and uD. Now (3.4) and (3.5) show that (PPG)(D) is uniformly bounded on [0,b].

(b) To prove the uniform equicontinuity on [0,b] of the set of functions (PPG)(D), take any t,t[0,b]. Assume t<t. We have

|0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|
|0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|
+|0t(T(ts)T(ts))F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|
C1Neωb|tt|+0t|T(ts)T(ts)||F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))|𝑑s
C1Neωb|tt|+C10t|T(ts)T(ts)|𝑑s.

Since

T(ts)T(ts)=T(ts)(T(tt)I),

and T(ξ)I0 as ξ0, one has that for any ε>0, there is a δε>0 with

|T(ts)T(ts)|Neωbε,

if |tt|δε. Then

0t|T(ts)T(ts)|𝑑sbNeωbε

and so

|0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|
C1Neωb(1+b)ε=:C~1ε,for |tt|δε.

Analogously, there is a constant C~2>0 with

|0tT(ts)0sg(sr,u(r))𝑑r𝑑s0tT(ts)0sg(sr,u(r))𝑑r𝑑s|
C~2ε,for |tt|δε.

Since two constants C~1 and C~2 only depend on lD, we may infer that (PPG)(D) is uniformly equicontinuous in [0,b].

(c) The set (PPG)(D)(t) is relatively compact in X, for every t[0,b]. For t=0, it reduces to the {0}, so it is compact. Let 0<tb. We need to show that the sets

1 : ={0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s:uD},
2 : ={0tT(ts)0sg(sτ,u(τ))𝑑τ𝑑s:uD}

are relatively compact in X. Now, let t>0 and t>ϵ>0. Then

0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s
= 0tϵT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s+tϵtT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s
= T(ϵ)0tϵT(tϵs)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s+tϵtT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s.

Using (3.4) we have

|0tϵT(tϵs)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|C1bNeωb,

which together with the compactness of T(ε) gives

μ({T(ϵ)0tϵT(tϵs)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s,uD})=0.

Next using (3.4) we have

|tϵtT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s|εNeωbC1,

which based on Lemma 2.1 (vi) gives

μ({tϵtT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s:uD})2εNeωbC1.

Then

μ({0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s:uD})2εNeωbC1

and letting ε0 we obtain

μ({0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s:uD})=0,

that is the set 1 is relatively compact in X. The proof of the relative compactness of 2 is analogous and we omit it. ∎

3.2.1. Existence via Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem

Our second existence result is obtained via Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem assuming a linear growth of F and g. Namely.

(H3):

There are constants LF,Lg0 and cF,cg0 such that

|F(t,u))|X LF|u|X+cF, (3.6)
|g(t,u))|X Lg|u|X+cg,

for all t[0,b] and uX.

Theorem 3.3.

Assume that conditions (H2) and (H3) hold. Then problem (1.1) has at least one mild solution uC([r,b],X).

Proof.

From Lemma 3.2, the operator P is condensing. In order to apply Sadovskii’s theorem it suffices to find a closed bounded and convex subset of Cϕ([0,b],X) which is invariated by P. More precisely we shall prove the existence of two numbers θ,R>0 such that

|u|θRimplies |Pu|θR. (3.7)

We start from the following estimate immediately derived from (3.1) (take v=0) by using (3.6):

|(Pu)(t)|X(LGeθt+NLgeωb0t0seθτ𝑑τ𝑑s+NLFeωb0teθs𝑑s)|u|θ+c,

where c=|G(,0)|+Nb2eωbcg+NbeωbcF. Then

|(Pu)(t)|X[LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)]eθt|u|θ+c,

whence

|Pu)|θ[LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)]|u|θ+c.

Therefore, in view of the assumption LG<1, for θ>0 large enough that

LG+Neωb(Lgθ2+LFθ)<1,

one has (3.7) for R:=c(1LGNeωb(Lgθ2+LFθ))1. Thus Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem applies to the condensing operator P restricted to the closed bounded and convex set

𝒟:={uCϕ([0,b],X):|u|θR}.

3.2.2. Existence via nonlinear alternative

One can relax the growth conditions on F and g as shows the following hypothesis:

(H4):

There exist continuous functions ηF,ηg:[0,b]+ and nondecreasing continuous functions hF,hg:++ such that

|F(t,u)|X ηF(t)hF(|u|X),
|g(t,u))|X ηg(t)hg(|u|X),

for all t[0,b] and uX.

Theorem 3.4.

Assume that conditions (H2) and (H4) hold. In addition assume that

c0+ds(hF+hg)(s)>Mb, (3.8)

where

c0:=Neωb|ϕ(0)|+|G(,0)|1LGandM:=Newb1LGmax{|ηg|L1(0,b),|ηF|L(0,b)}.

Then problem (1.1) has at least one mild solution uC([r,b],X).

Proof.

Here again, Lemma 3.2 guarantees that the operator P is condensing. In order to apply the nonlinear alternative, Theorem 2.3, we have to find a priori bounds of solutions, more exactly to show that the set

Λ={uCϕ([0,b],X):u=λP(u), 0<λ<1} 

is bounded. Let uΛ. Then for some λ(0,1), one has

u(t) = λT(t)ϕ(0)+λG(t,u(tρ0(t)))+λ0tT(ts)0sg(sτ,u(τ))𝑑τ𝑑s
+λ0tT(ts)F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))𝑑s(t[0,b]).

Let ν:[0,b]+ be defined by   

ν(t):=max{|u|𝒞[0,t],|ϕ|𝒞[r,0]}.

Clearly ν is nondecreasing and

|u(tρ0(t))|v(t),|u(sρ(s,u(s)))|ν(t)for all s[0,t], t[0,b].

The problem is to find a bound of function ν independent of u and λ. Let ξ be such that

ν(ξ)=|ϕ|𝒞[r,0]and ν(t)>|ϕ|𝒞[r,0]for all t(ξ,b].

Obviously, if such a point ξ does not exist, then |u|C[0,b]|ϕ|𝒞[r,0] and the bound for u is |ϕ|𝒞[r,0]. Let t(ξ,b] be any point, hence |u|𝒞[0,t]> |ϕ|𝒞[r,0], and let t0[0,t] be a point with|u|𝒞[0,t]=|u(t0)|. From (3.2.2), since λ(0,1), one finds

v(t) = |u(t0)||T(t0)ϕ(0)|+|G(t0,u(t0ρ0(t0)))|
+0t0|T(t0s)|0s|g(sτ,u(τ))|𝑑τ𝑑s
+0t0|T(t0s)||F(s,u(sρ(s,u(s))))|𝑑s
Newb|ϕ(0)|+LGv(t0)+|G(,0)|+Neωb|ηg|L1(0,b)0t0hg(ν(s))𝑑s
+Newb|ηF|L(0,b)0t0hF(ν(s))𝑑s.

If we use ν(t0)ν(t), we deduce that

(1LG)v(t) Newb|ϕ(0)|+|G(,0)|+Neωb|ηg|L1(0,b)0t0hg(ν(s))𝑑s
+Newb|ηF|L(0,b)0t0hF(ν(s))𝑑s,

whence

v(t)c0+M0t(hg(ν(s))+hF(ν(s)))𝑑s(t(ξ,b]).

Now we use Bihari’s inequality, Theorem 2.2, with f=M, h=hg+hF and

Φ(x):=x0x1(hg+hF)(s)𝑑s.

In order to have the bound of ν on the whole interval [0,b], we need τ1 given by (2.5) to be b. This is guaranteed by our assumption (3.8). Therefore, Theorem 2.2 applies and implies that there exists a constant c such that ν(t)c for all t[0,b], and c does not depend on the solution u and λ.

Finally, Theorem 2.3 guaranteed that P has a fixed point in Cϕ([0,b],X).

4. Applications

To apply our previous results, we consider the following problem related to a partial functional integrodifferential equation:

{t[u(t,x)G(t,u(tρ0(t)))(x)]=2x2[u(t,x)G(t,u(tρ0(t)))(x)]+0tg(ts,u(s,))(x)𝑑s+F(t,u(tρ(t,u(t,)),))(x)for0tb,x[0,1]u(t,0)=u(t,1)=0,0tb,u(t,x)=ϕ(t,x)forrt0andx[0,1], (4.1)

where 0ρ0,ρr. Here X=C0[0,1] is the Banach space of the continuous real functions defined on [0,1] vanishing at 0 and 1, equipped with the uniform norm topology. Also A:D(A)XX is defined as

D(A)=C0[0,1]C2[0,1],Au=u′′.

It is known that A generates a strongly continuous semigroup on X which is compact. If we let u(t)=u(t,) and ϕ(t)=ϕ(t,), then problem (4.1) appears as a particular case of the abstract problem (1.1).

Next we particularize the maps F,G and g to illustrate our results, Theorems 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4.

Theorem 4.1.
:
(a):

Let

G(t,u)=α(t)u,F(t,u)=β(t)sinu,g(t,u)=γ(t)u,

for t[0,b], uC0[0,1], where α,β,γC[0,b]. Then, with a state-independent delay, problem (4.1) has a unique solution.

(b):

Let

G(t,u)=α(t)u,F(t,u)=β(t)|u|pu1+|u|p,g(t,u)=γ(t)ucosu+γ0(t),

for t[0,b], uC0[0,1], where α,α0,β,γ,γ0C[0,b]. If |α|L(0,b)<1, the problem (4.1) has at least one solution.

(c):

Let

G(t,u)=α(t)sinu,F(t,u)=β(t)(|u|p+2arctanu),g(t,u)=γ(t)|u|q,

for t[0,b], uC0[0,1], where α,β,β0,γC[0,b], and p,q1. If |α|L(0,b)<1, then problem (4.1) has at least one solution provided that b is sufficiently small.

Proof.

(a) All the assumptions of Theorem 3.1 are fulfilled. In this case, one has

LG=|α|,LF=|β|and Lg=|γ|.

(b) The assumptions of Theorem 3.3 hold with

LG=|α|,LF=|β|,cF=0,Lg=|γ|and cg=|γ0|.

The result follows from Theorem 3.3.

(c) The result follows from Theorem 3.4. Here

LG=|α|,ηF(t)=|β(t)|,ηg(t)=|γ(t)|,hF(s)=sp+πand hg(s)=sq(s+).

The length b of the interval [0,b] has to be small enough that condition (3.8) is satisfied. ∎


Acknowledgement. This work was supported by the SCAC (Le Service de Coopération et d’Action Culturelle) via SSHN (Séjour Scientifique de Haut Niveau de l’Ambassade de France au Tchad).
This is the opportunity for the first author to express his sincere gratitude to the members of the Department of Mathematics from Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca for their warm welcome and collaboration.

The authors thank the anonymous referees for their useful comments and bibliographic suggestions.

References

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[1] Alia, M., Ezzinbi, K., Koumla, S., Mild solutions for some partial functional integrodifferential equations with state-dependent delay. Discuss. Math. Differ. Incl. Control Optim. 37, 173–186 (2017) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[2] Banas, S., Goebel, K., Measure of Noncompactness in Banach Spaces. Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Marcel Dekker, New York (1980) MATH Google Scholar
[3] Belmekki, M., Benchohra, M., Ezzinbi, K., Existence results for some partial functional differential equations with state-dependent delay. Appl. Math. Lett. 24, 1810–1816 (2011) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[4] Bolojan, O., Precup, R., Hybrid delay evolution systems with nonlinear constraints. Dynam. Syst. Appl. 27, 773–790 (2018) Google Scholar
[5] Cañada, A., Drabek, P., Fonda, A.: Handbook of Ordinary Differential Equations. Elsevier, Oxford (2006) MATH Google Scholar
[6] Cao, Y., Fan, J., Gard, T.C., The effects of state-dependent time delay on a stage-structured population growth model. Nonlinear Anal. 19(2), 95–105 (1992) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[7] Corduneanu, C., Functional Equations with Causal Operators. Taylor and Francis, London (2002) Book MATH Google Scholar
[8] Domoshnitsky, A., Drakhlin, M., Litsyn, E.: One equations with delay depending on solution. Nonlinear Anal. 49(5), 689–701 (2002) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[9] Ezzinbi, K., Koumla, S., An abstract partial functional integrodifferential equations. Adv. Fixed Point Theory 6(4), 469–485 (2016) Google Scholar
[10] Ezzinbi, K., Koumla, S., Sene, A., Existence and regularity for some partial functional integrodifferential equations with infinite delay. J. Semigroup Theory Appl. 2016, 6 (2016) Google Scholar
[11] Granas, A., Dugundji, J., Fixed Point Theory. Springer, New York (2003) Book MATH Google Scholar
[12] Hartung, F., Krisztin, T., Walther, O.H., Wu, J., Functional differential equations with state-dependent delay. In: Canada, A., Drabek, P., Fonda, A. (eds.) Handbook of Differential Equations. Ordinary Differential Equations, pp. 435–545. Elsevier, North Holland (2006) Chapter Google Scholar
[13] Hernandez, E., Prokopcsyk, A., Ladeira, L., A note on partial functional differential equations with state-dependent delay. Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl. 7(4), 510–519 (2006) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[14] Koumla, S., Precup, R., Integrodifferential evolution systems with nonlocal initial conditions. Stud. Univ. Babeş -Bolyai Math. 65, 93–108 (2020) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[15] Koumla, S., Precup, R., Sene, A.: Existence results for some partial neutral functional integrodifferential equations with bounded delay. Turk. J. Math. 43, 1809–1822 (2019) Article MATH Google Scholar
[16] Louihi, M., Hbid, M.L., Arino, O., Semigroup properties and the Crandall Liggett approximation for a class differential equations with state-dependent delay. J. Differ. Equ. 181, 1–30 (2002) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[17] Pazy, A., Semigroup of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations. Springer, New-York (1983) Book MATH Google Scholar
[18] Precup, R., The nonlinear heat equation via fixed point principles. Ann. Tiberiu Popoviciu Semin. Funct. Equ. Approx. Convex. 4, 111–127 (2006) MATH Google Scholar
[19] Precup, R., Linear and Semilinear Partial Differential Equations. De Gruyter, Berlin (2013) MATH Google Scholar
[20] Vrabie, I.I.,  Vrabie, I.I.: C0-Semigroups and Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003) MATH Google Scholar
[21] Webb, F.G., An abstract semilinear Volterra integrodifferential equation. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 69, 255–260 (1978) Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
[22] Yuming, Q., Integral and Discrete Inequalities and Their Applications. Birkhäuser, Basel (2016) MATH Google Scholar

2023

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