We prove that Mann and Ishikawa iterations are equivalent models dealing with \(\psi\)-uniformly pseudocontractive or d-weakly contractive maps without bounded range
Authors
Stefan M. Soltuz
Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis
B.E. Rhoades Department of Mathematics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7106, U.S.A
B.E. Rhoades, Ş.M. Şoltuz, The equivalence of Mann and Ishikawa iterations dealing with uniformly pseudocontractive maps without bounded range, Tamkang J. Math. 37 (3) (2006).
[1] Ya. I. Alber and S. Reich, An iterative method for solving a class of nonlinear operatorequations in Banach spaces,Panamer. Math. J.4(1994), 39-54. [2] Ya. I. Alber and S. Guerre-Delabriere,Principle of weakly contractive maps in Hilbertspaces, Operator Theory98(1997), 7-22. [3] Ya. I. Alber and S. Guerre-Delabriere,On the projection methods for fixed point problems,Analysis21(2001), 17-39. [4] M. S. Berger, Nonlinearity and Functional Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1977, page65. [5] C. E. Chidume, H. Zegeye and S. J. Aneke,Approximation of fixed points of weakly con-tractive nonself maps in Banach spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl.270(2002), 189-199. [6] C. E. Chidume and H. Zegeye,Approximation methods for nonlinear operator equations,Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.131(2003), 2467-2478. [7] K. Deimling, Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Springer-Verlag, 1985, page 115. [8] S. Ishikawa,Fixed points by a new iteration method, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.44(1974),147-150. [9] W. R. Mann,Mean value in iteration, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.4(1953), 506-510. [10] C. Morales and J. S. Jung,Convergence of paths for pseudocontractive mappings in Banachspaces,Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.128(2000), 3411-3419. [11] B. E. Rhoades and S. M. S ̧oltuz,On the equivalence of Mann and Ishikawa iterationmethods,Int. J. Math. Math. Sci.2003(7), 451-459. [12] B. E. Rhoades and S. M. S ̧oltuz,The equivalence of Mann and Ishikawa iteration forψ–uniformly pseudocontractive orψ–uniformly accretive maps,Int. J. Math. Math. Sci.46(2004), 2443-2452.
Paper (preprint) in HTML form
THE EQUIVALENCE OF MANN AND ISHIKAWA ITERATIONS DEALING WITH -UNIFORMLY PSEUDOCONTRACTIVE MAPS WITHOUT BOUNDED RANGE
B. E. RHOADES AND ŞTEFAN M. ŞOLTUZ
Abstract
We prove that Mann and Ishikawa iterations are equivalent models dealing with -uniformly pseudocontractive or d-weakly contractive maps without bounded range.
1. Introduction
In this paper denotes a real Banach space with strictly convex, a map and let . We consider the following iteration known as Mann iteration, ([9])
(1.1)
The sequence satisfies , and . We consider the following iteration known as Ishikawa iteration, ([8])
(1.2)
The sequences satisfy
(1.3)
The duality normalized map is given by
(1.4)
We have
(1.5)
The following Remark is Proposition 12.3 from [7].
00footnotetext: Received April 14, 2005; revised March 9, 2006.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 47H10.
Key words and phrases. -uniformly pseudocontractive maps, d-weakly contractive map, Mann and Ishikawa iterations.
Remark 1.1.([7]) If is a real Banach space with * strictly convex then is a single map and uniformly continuous on all the bounded sets of .
The following result is Lemma 1 from [10].
Lemma 1.2. If is a real normed space, then the following relation is true
(1.6)
The following definitions are from [3], [5] and [6].
Definition 1.3. Let be a normed space.
A map is called weakly contractive map if for all , there exist a continuous and strictly increasing map such that is positive on , and the following inequality is satisfied
(1.7)
A map is called d-weakly contractive map if for all , there exist and a continuous and strictly increasing map such that is positive on , and the following inequality is satisfied
(1.8)
A map is called -uniformly pseudocontractive if there exist and a strictly increasing map such that is positive on and the following inequality is satisfied
(1.9)
A map is called -uniformly accretive if there exist and a strictly increasing map such that is positive on , and the following inequality is satisfied
(1.10)
We denote the identity map by .
Remark 1.4. (i) If is a d-weakly contractive map, then is a -uniformly pseudocontractive map.
(ii) The map is -uniformly pseudocontractive if and only if is -uniformly accretive.
Proposition 1.5. If is a weakly contractive map, then is a -uniformly pseudocontractive map.
Proof. Let . Using (1.5), (1.7) and (1.4) we get
(1.11)
Denote to obtain that is strictly increasing and positive.
The convergence of Mann iteration for a d-weakly contractive map in Hilbert spaces, was studied in [3]. It was shown in [5] that Mann iteration (1.1) for a d-weakly contractive map without a bounded range, converges in a Banach space more general then a Hilbert space. Also, it was shown in [6] that the same iteration for a -uniformly pseudocontractive map without a bounded range, converges in a normed space.
If is a weakly contractive, then is a nonexpansive map. In this case the equivalence between Mann and Ishikawa iterations follows from Theorem 3 of the paper [11].
The above two motivations lead us to prove, in this note, the equivalence between Mann and Ishikawa iterations, (1.1) and (1.2), dealing with -uniformly pseudocontractive maps without bounded range. As a corollary we obtain the convergence of Ishikawa iteration for the above operatorial classes. Also, we give a positive answer to the following conjecture, (see [11], page 452), "If Mann iteration converges, so does Ishikawa iteration".
For a -uniformly pseudocontractive (respectively, -uniformly accretive) map, the equivalence between Mann and Ishikawa iterations was shown also in Theorem 2.1 and Corollary 3.1 from [12]. There, in [12], the set was assumed to be bounded. Removing the boundedness of the range, forces us to pay a price: both and will depend on and ( see condition (2.1)).
Remark 1.6. Let be a normed space and a uniformly continuous map. Then is a uniformly continuous map.
The following result is Proposition 2.1.2 from [4].
Proposition 1.7([4]) Let be a normed space and be a uniformly continuous map. Then is bounded; i.e. it maps any bounded set into a bounded set.
Remark 1.6 and Proposition 1.7 lead to the following result.
Remark 1.8. Let be a normed space and a uniformly continuous map. Then is bounded; i.e. it maps any bounded set into a bounded set.
The following result, stated below, is Lemma 3.1 from [1]. In [1], the map is assumed to be continuous in order to obtain an estimate for the convergence rate of the sequence . Another proof for the Lemma 3.1 can be found in ([2], pages 12-13). The same lemma, without the continuity assumption on , appears in [6].
Lemma 1.9.([1]) Let and be sequences of nonnegative numbers and a sequence of positive numbers satisfying the conditions and
as . Suppose that
(1.12)
is satisfied, where is a strictly increasing map such that is positive on , with . Then .
2. Main Result
Let denote the fixed point set of .
Theorem 2.1. Let be a real Banach space with stricly convex. If is a -uniformly pseudocontractive and uniformly continuous map with , and there exists a constant , which depends on and , such that satisfy
(2.1)
and (1.3), then the following are equivalent:
(i) the Mann iteration (1.1) converges to the ,
(ii) the Ishikawa iteration (1.2) converges to the same .
Proof. The fixed point is unique. If not, then there exists at least another fixed point , with . Relation (1.9) leads to
(2.2)
The implication (ii) (i) is obvious, by setting, in (1.2), , for all . We will prove the implication (i) (ii). Suppose that . If
(2.3)
then
(2.4)
and it follows that
(2.5)
Thus, to complete the proof it suffices to verify relation (2.3).
With in (1.9), we have
(2.6)
Taking and in (2.6) we obtain
(2.7)
Choose such that and . Remark 1.8 assures that is bounded. Denote
(2.8)
Since the map is uniformly continuous on bounded subsets of , with
(2.9)
there exists a such that implies .
The map is also uniformly continuous. Thus for the same , there exits a such that implies .
We shall prove by induction that is bounded. We know that . Suppose that . We shall prove that
(2.10)
Assume that and that
(2.11)
From we know
(2.12)
From (2.12), we have and the following inequality satisfied
(2.13)
and , (i. e. ), we get
(2.14)
Such a exists because
(2.15)
and is a bounded map.
For all , we have
(2.16)
Set
(2.17)
Defining
(2.18)
it follows that, for all , using (2.1) and (2.16), that
(2.19)
From (1.1) and (1.2),
(2.20)
From (2.20), using (2.11), (2.8), (2.14) and the first evaluation from (2.19),
(2.21)
Using the induction assumption,
(2.22)
Thus we get
(2.23)
By setting (1.6),
(2.24)
we obtain
(2.25)
We again apply (1.6) with
(2.26)
to obtain,
(2.27)
Substituting (2.27) into (2.25) and using (2.21) we have
(2.28)
Setting
(2.29)
and
(2.30)
and using (2.8) and (2.23),
(2.31)
Using (2.14) and (2.19) we obtain
(2.32)
From the uniform continuity of ,
(2.33)
Relation (2.19) leads to
(2.34)
Since is uniformly continuous,
(2.35)
Substituting (2.33), (2.35) (with given by (2.9)), and (2.23) in (2.31) we obtain
(2.36)
Relation (2.36) is in contradiction with .
Thus there exists an such that
(2.37)
Relations (2.28) and (2.37) lead to
(2.38)
Recalling that , then , and using (2.32) one obtains using (1.3),
(2.39)
The uniformly continuity of implies that
(2.40)
Also, from (2.34) and (1.3), we have
(2.41)
The uniformly continuity of leads to
(2.42)
Relations (2.38), (2.40) and (2.42) with
(2.43)
lead to (1.12). Using now Lemma 1.9 one obtains .
Using Remark 1.4 (i), Proposition 1.5, and Theorem 2.1 one obtains the following corollary.
Corollary 2.2. Let be a real Banach space with strictly convex. If is a -weakly contractive (respectively weakly contractive) and uniformly continuous map with and there exists a constant , which depends on and , such that satisfy and (1.3), then the following are equivalent:
(i) the Mann iteration (1.1) converges to the ,
(ii) the Ishikawa iteration (1.2) converges to the same .
Let be a -uniformly accretive map. Suppose the equation has a solution for a given . Remark 1.4 (ii) ensures that
(2.44)
is a -uniformly pseudocontractive map. A fixed point for is a solution for and conversely.
Theorem 2.1 also implies the following corollary.
Corollary 2.3. Let be a real Banach space with strictly convex. If is a -uniformly accretive and uniformly continuous map with and there exists a constant , which depends on and , such that satisfy and (1.3), then the following are equivalent:
(i) the Mann iteration (1.1), with given by (2.44), converges to the solution of ,
(ii) the Ishikawa iteration (1.2), with given by (2.44), converges to the solution of .
References
[1] Ya. I. Alber and S. Reich, An iterative method for solving a class of nonlinear operator equations in Banach spaces, Panamer. Math. J. 4(1994), 39-54.
[2] Ya. I. Alber and S. Guerre-Delabriere, Principle of weakly contractive maps in Hilbert spaces, Operator Theory 98 (1997), 7-22.
[3] Ya. I. Alber and S. Guerre-Delabriere, On the projection methods for fixed point problems, Analysis 21(2001), 17-39.
[4] M. S. Berger, Nonlinearity and Functional Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1977, page 65.
[5] C. E. Chidume, H. Zegeye and S. J. Aneke, Approximation of fixed points of weakly contractive nonself maps in Banach spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 270(2002), 189-199.
[6] C. E. Chidume and H. Zegeye, Approximation methods for nonlinear operator equations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 131(2003), 2467-2478.
[7] K. Deimling, Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Springer-Verlag, 1985, page 115.
[8] S. Ishikawa, Fixed points by a new iteration method, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 44 (1974), 147-150.
[9] W. R. Mann, Mean value in iteration, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4(1953), 506-510.
[10] C. Morales and J. S. Jung, Convergence of paths for pseudocontractive mappings in Banach spaces, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 128(2000), 3411-3419.
[11] B. E. Rhoades and Ş. M. Şoltuz, On the equivalence of Mann and Ishikawa iteration methods, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2003(7), 451-459.
[12] B. E. Rhoades and Ş. M. Şoltuz, The equivalence of Mann and Ishikawa iteration for -uniformly pseudocontractive or -uniformly accretive maps, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 46(2004), 2443-2452.